Core Vocab Y12 Flashcards
Acts of Attainder
A declaration that a landowner was guilty of rebelling against the monarch, thus losing land and titles.
Bastard Feudalism
An abuse of power by the most wealthy nobles in which they rewarded their retainers.
Bonds and recognisances
A legal document used by Henry VII which bound individuals to remain loyal to him to avoid the obligation of financial penalties.
Chancery
The main court of equity in the kingdom
Chantry
Chapels where Masses took place to pray for the souls of the dead.
Chamber
The private areas of Court; also a key department for the efficient collection of royal revenue.
Common rights
Denotes the legal right of tenants to use common land, for example keeping animals; the exact nature of these rights varied from place to place.
Council Learned
Offshoot of the Great Council, used by Henry VII, to oversee the close administration of King’s revenue.
Courtier
A person who attends a royal court as a companion or advisor to a monarch.
Diocese
An area under the pastoral care of a bishop in the Christian Church
Duchy of Lancaster
A significant body of property, mostly but not exclusively situated in Lancashire., which personally belonged to the king but was formally the territory of the Duke of Lancaster.
Enclosure
Public land that is fenced off by major land owners, often for the rearing of sheep.
Erastian
The view that the State should have authority over the Church.
Extraordinary revenue
Money raised by the king from additional sources or one-off payments in times of emergency (parliamentary rants, clerical taxes).
Feudal aid
A right by which the Crown could impose tax on their tenants for the knighting of the eldest son, the marriage of the eldest daughter or to ransom a lord.
Fifteenths and tenths
Standard form of taxation, calculated in the fourteenth century, paid by towns and boroughs to the Crown
Gentry
People with considerable social status, below the nobility (Knights, major land owners, courtly connections, considerable income.
Guilds and confraternities
Voluntary associations of individuals created to promote works of Christian charity or devotion.
Hanseatic League
A group of free cities originating in the thirteenth century, which came together to form a commercial union with the intention of controlling trade in the Baltic Sea; the league dominated commercial activity in northern Europe from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century.
Heresy
The denial of / non-belief in key teachings of the Church.
Holy Roman Empire
Loose federation of 300 states in and around modern day Germany. Elected Emperors. Dominated by the Habsburg dynasty.
Household government
Medieval system of governance where the head of a household, invariably an adult male, had authority over the property, mobility and labour of everyone living on his land.
Humanism
Renaissance development focused on purifying Christianity in line with original Latin and Greek texts.
Iconoclasm
The rejection or destruction of images associated with the Catholic faith.
Intercursus Malus
Trade agreement from 1506; this treaty never became fully operative and by the following year trading relationships had been restored on the basis of the Intercursus Magnus.
Intercursus Magnus
The major commercial treaty between England and the Duchy of Burgundy which restored normal trading links between the two.
Laity
Refers collectively to those who were neither priests nor members of a religious order.
Letters Patent
Legal instruments issued by the monarch in the exercise of his or her prerogative powers.
Lord Chamberlain
Also known as the Chamberlain, an experienced nobleman and member of the King’s Council, and a personal friend of the king; he had administrative and political duties, often speaking for the monarch in an official capacity, and was also responsible for organising court ceremonies.
Marriage-by-proxy
A proxy marriage is one in which one or both of the individuals being united is not physically present, usually being represented instead by another person.
Monastery
A key Catholic institution, they were places of communal worship where monks lived and worked.
Nobility
Highest social status based on land ownership and power (Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount, Baron).
Oxford Reformers
Men such as Grocyn, Linacre and Colet who were among the first English scholars to adopt humanist ideas and approaches.
Papal Legate
Position of control over the English Church, superior to that of the Archbishop of Canterbury.
Patronage
When privilege or status is granted to an individual by someone in authority as a reward for loyalty e.g. the monarch granting a peerage.
Praemunire
A parliamentary statute enacted in 1393 to prevent papal interference in the rights of the Crown to make appointments to Church office.
Prerogative rights
The rights / decisions that a monarch can make on their own without having to consult parliament.
Privy Chamber
The most private area of the court where the close personal servants have direct access to the monarch.
Purgatory
A Catholic belief in the existence of s state in which the souls of the dead were purged before they could enter heaven.
Reformation
A sixteenth century movement opposing the Catholic Church.
Renaissance
A cultural and intellectual movement, beginning in Italy, which emphasised a revival of classical learning and the arts.
Retaining
A practice by which powerful nobles recruited knights and gentlemen to serve them directly – this often meant military service.
Submission of the Clergy
The formal surrender of the Church’s independent law-making function.
Subsidy
Historically, a grant issued by Parliament to the sovereign for state needs.
Synod
A Church council that in this context would exist outside the official Church hierarchy.
Tonnage and poundage
The right to raise revenue for the whole reign from imports and exports
Transubstantiation
Catholic belief that the bread and wine changed into the body and blood of Christ when consecrated at Mass.
