Core Study Results Flashcards
Dement & Kleitman (sleep & dreams)
- There is a positive correlation between subjective estimates of dream duration and the length of the REM period before waking
- the accuracy of dream estimation of 5 or 15 minutes of REM was very high (88% and 78% respectively)
- Eye movement patterns were found to be related to dream content.
Vertical eye movement was related to dreams of climbing or looking up.
Horizontal eye movement was related to two people throwing tomatoes at each other.
Hassett et al. (monkey toy preference)
- the male monkeys’ significant preference for the wheeled toys (mean = 9.77), compared with plush toys (mean = 2.06).
- Although the females showed some preference for the plush toys (mean = 7.97) compared with the wheeled toys (mean = 6. 96), the difference was not significant.
- There was also no significant difference between the males and females in terms of frequency of wheeled toy play.
- There was a significant positive correlation between social rank (how dominant the monkeys were within the group) and frequency of interaction for both types of toys.
Hölzel et al (mindfulness & brain scans)
- There were no significant correlations between any of the individual exercises (e-g body scanning and yoga or yoga and meditation). This suggests that different people preferred different exercises.
- The MBSR group experienced a significant increase in grey matter concentration in their left hippocampus, posterior cingulate cortex, temporoparietal junction and cerebellum compared with the control group
- No brain structures showed a decrease in grey matter concentration following the MBSR program, but the control group did show a significant decrease in grey matter concentration in the posterior cingulate cortex
Andrade (doodling)
- In the doodling condition, the mean number of shaded shapes on the printed sheet was 36.3, with a range of 3–110 and no participants in the control condition doodled spontaneously.
- Participants in the control group correctly recalled a mean of 7.1 (SD 1.1) of the eight party-goers’ names and five people made a false alarm.
- Participants in the doodling group correctly recalled a mean of 7.8 (SD 0.4) party-goers’ names and one person made one false alarm.
- Overall, the doodling participants recalled a mean of 7.5 names and places, 29% more than the mean of 5.8 for the control group.
Baron-Cohen et al. (eyes test)
- On the Eyes Test, participants with AS/HFA (Group 1) correctly identified significantly fewer target words than participants in the three comparison groups.
- On the AQ task, participants with AS/HFA scored significantly higher than the student comparison.
- There was a significant negative correlation between the AQ and Eyes Task scores but no correlation between the IQ and Revised Eyes Test scores, suggesting that as a participant’s AQ score increases (illustrating higher autistic traits) their ability to correctly identify the correct target word on the Eyes Test decreases.
Pozzulo et al. (line-ups)
- children were significantly better at identifying familiar cartoon characters in target-present line-ups than unfamiliar human faces. ( 0.99 compared with 0.23 respectively).
- adults were also significantly better when faced with target-present cartoon lineups ( 0.95) than unfamiliar human faces where their success rate was much higher than children’s (0.66).
- no significant difference in the success rate of adults and children and identifying the cartoon characters.
- The lower rate of correct responses (0.74) in the target absent lineups demonstrates that their false positives are likely to be driven by social factors rather than cognitive factors.
- the children had a significantly higher success rate with target absent lineups including cartoon characters 0.74 compared with human faces 0.45.
- adults also performed significantly better with the cartoon characters 0.94 compared with the human faces 0.70
- adult performance was also significantly better than the children for both cartoon and human faces.
Bandura et al. (aggression) Aggressive Model
Aggressive Model:
- Children exposed to aggressive models imitated their exact behaviors and were significantly more aggressive, both physically and verbally, than those children in the non-aggressive model or control groups.
- Boys were more likely to imitate physical aggression and girls more likely to imitate verbal aggression
- Boys were also more likely to imitate a same-sex model and, to a lesser extent were girls.
- boys imitated the physical aggression of a male model more than the girls.
- with a female model, girls imitated less than with the male model.
Bandura et al. (aggression)
Non-aggressive Model
Non-aggressive Model
- Children seeing a non-aggressive model were much less likely than either the aggressive model group or controls to exhibit mallet aggression, and this pattern was especially apparent for girls.
Bandura et al. (aggression)
Non-aggressive Play
There were also differences in non-aggressive play.
- Girls played more with dolls, tea sets, and coloring material and
- boys engaged in more exploratory play and gun play.
Fagen et al. (elephant learning)
- the four juvenile elephants successfully learned the trunk wash (the adult elephant did not)
- Elephants two and four never passed their steady test but were able to pass their full trunk wash tests.
- Elephant 5 did not pass her blow into bucket, desensitization to syringe, or steady test.
Saavedra and Silverman (button phobia) Positive Reinforcement Therapy
Positive Reinforcement Therapy
- The boy was also observed approaching the buttons more positively. For example: he started handling larger numbers of buttons during later sessions.
- his subjective ratings of distress increased significantly between sessions two and three and continued to rise, and by session four, a number of items on the hierarchy such as hugging his mother while wearing buttons had increased in dislike from the original scores.
Saavedra and Silverman (button phobia) Imagery Exposure Therapy
Imagery Exposure Therapy
- This appeared to be successful in reducing the boy’s rating of distress.
- One example relating to imagery of ‘hundreds of buttons falling all over his body’.
Prior to imagery therapy, the boy rated this experience the most fearful and disgusting (score of 8 on the Feelings Thermometer).
This reduced to 5 midway through the exposure, and a rating of 3 after the exposure was complete.
Milgram (obedience)
- The mean estimate of the pain of the 450 V shock was 13.42 out of a maximum 14 (as reported in the debriefing interview),
- Participants showed extremely high levels of destructive obedience. The mean voltage given by participants was 368 V. All participants gave at least 300 V, and 65% gave the maximum 450 V shock.
- The participants were also frequently observed to be sweating, shaking and groaning, with 14 out of the 40 men showing signs of nervous laughter or smiling.
- One participant could not complete the experiment because he went into a violent seizure, presumably as a result of the high level of stress he was experiencing.
Perry et al. (personal space) Experiment 1: CID
Experiment 1: CID (here were three IV’s manipulated in Experiment 1: condition, treatment, and empathy)
- Interaction effect of IV’s: Treatment x Empathy
OT was found to decrease the mean preferred distance from participant to other in the high empathy group but
OT had the opposite effect in the low empathy group.
Perry et al. (personal space) Experiment 2: Choosing Rooms
Experiment 2: Choosing Rooms
- There were differences in preferences for chair distance but not for preferred angles.
- Participants in the high empathy group chose closer chair distances following OT administration and placebo administration.
- OT administration had the opposite effect for those participants in the low empathy group.
Piliavin et al. (subway Samaritanism)
The majority of the helpers were male.
- Nearly 80% of victims received spontaneous help (i.e. helped before model intervened or in a no-model condition), and n around 60% of cases more than one person helped.
- In terms of the type of victim, participants were more likely to help the victim with the cane than the drunk victim the cane victim received help in 62/65 trials; the drunk victim received help in 19/38 trials).
- In the cane trials, spontaneous helping also occurred earlier than in the drunk trials. For example, in all but three of the cane trials that were also model trials, helping occurred before the model could give assistance.
Piliavin et al. (subway Samaritanism)
Results in terms of race
In terms of race,
- both black and white cane victims were equally likely to receive help.
- However, there was some minor evidence of same-race helping in the drunk condition, with participants being more willing to offer help to those of their own race.
Piliavin et al. (subway Samaritanism)
Results in terms of diffusion of responsibility
- this research found no evidence to support the diffusion of responsibility hypothesis.
- in fact, there was some evidence to suggest that when more passengers were present, rates of helping were also slightly higher.
- natural seven-person groups were faster to respond than predicted, and faster to respond than the three-person groups. This directly opposes the prediction of diffusion of responsibility.
