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Core Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an hydrocarbon?

A

It is a compound that has ONLY carbon and hydrogen

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2
Q

What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?

A

It is a compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chain, a branched chain or non-aromatic rings

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3
Q

What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon

A

It is an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings, with or without side chains

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4
Q

What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?

A

It is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains benzene rings(C6H6)

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5
Q

What is a functional group?

A

It is a group of atoms responsible for the characteristics reaction of a compound

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6
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

It is a series of organic compounds that have the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

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7
Q

What does “saturated mean”?

A

It means having single carbon-carbon bonds ONLY

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8
Q

What does “unsaturated” mean?

A

It means having multiple carbon-carbon bonds

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9
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

It tells you the actual number of the atoms of the element in the compound

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10
Q

What is an empirical formula?

A

It is the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element in a compound

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11
Q

What is a structural formula?

A

It is the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of an atom in a molecule

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12
Q

What is a displayed formula?

A

It shows the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

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13
Q

What is a skeletal formula?

A

It is shown by leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional group

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14
Q

What is isomerism?

A

It is when compounds have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms

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15
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

It is when compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

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16
Q

How does Atomic radius affect electronegativity?

A

As atomic radius ⬇, the electronegativity ⬆. This is because the outer shell is closer to the nucleus and so the atom is easily attracted to the electrons

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17
Q

How does number of shielding affect electronegativity?

A

As number of shielding ⬆, the electronegativity ⬇. This is because the inner shells are blocking the outer shells from being attracted by the nucleus and so the outer shell gets further away from the nucleus.

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18
Q

What is a dipole?

A

A dipole is a separation of partial charges in a molecule

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19
Q

What is IMF?

A

IMF is a weak force of attraction between molecules

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20
Q

What are the types of IMF?

A

Induced dipole-dipole forces/London forces
Permanent dipole-dipole forces
Hydrogen Bonds

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21
Q

What is an instantaneous dipole?

A

It is caused by the random movement of electrons

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22
Q

How are London forces formed?

A

They are formed when the random movement of electrons form a temporary dipole and that causes an induced dipole in the neighbouring molecule and these induced dipoles attract each other resulting in an attraction between the molecules

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23
Q

What are some key features of London forces?

A
  1. They are weak and easily broken
  2. Their strength depends on the number of electrons
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24
Q

How does permanent dipole-dipole interactions form between molecules?

A

Permanent dipole-dipole forms when the electrons get more attracted to the more electronegative atom and forms a polar bond and this attracts the less EN atom in another polar molecule

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25
Why does F2 have a higher BP than O2, but a lower BP than HCl?
F2 has a higher BP than O2 because it has more electrons F2 has non-polar molecules and has London forces only. HCl has polar molecules and will also have permanent dipole-dipole interactions and so the total IMF in HCl are stronger
26
How does hydrogen bonding forms?
1. It forms when H bonds with a more electronegative atom 2. The electronegative atom must have a lone pair
27
What are Alkanes?
Alkanes are compounds with saturated hydrocarbons
28
What are the type of covalent bond in alkanes called?
Sigma bonds
29
How are sigma bonds formed?
Sigma bonds are formed from the overlap of orbitals directly between the bonding atoms
30
What is the general formula of an alkane?
CnH2n+2
31
What are some properties of alkanes?
1. they are insoluble in water because they are non-polar molecules(because of the similar electronegativity in C and H) 2. They are generally unreactive (because of the strong covalent bonds between them)
32
What is the trends in BP for straight chain alkanes?
As the length of the chain ⬆, the BP ⬆. This is because there are more electrons and more point of contact between the molecules, which increases the strength of the london forces and so more energy is needed to overcome the IMF
33
What is the trends in BP for branched chain alkanes?
As the number of branches ⬆ the BP ⬇. This is because there is less contact between the molecules and so the London forces get weaker and so less energy is needed to break the IMF
34
What are some reactions of alkanes?
Combustion (complete& incomplete)
35
What is the word equation for the COMPLETE combustion of alkanes?
Alkane + oxygen➡Carbon dioxide + water
36
What is the word equation for the INCOMPLETE combustion of alkanes?
Alkane + 1/2 oxygen ➡ Carbon monoxide + water + soot
37
What are radicals?
Radicals are species with unpaired electrons
38
Describe the reaction of alkanes with halogens
UV light is used to initiate the reaction Successive substitution of the H atom in the alkane with either Br/Cl Produces a mixture of bromo-/chloro- alkane
39
What are the three stages in free radical substitution?
Initiation Propagation Termination
40
Describe the initiation process
UV light is shone at the reaction mix UV light then breaks the covalent bond between the bromine atoms and each electron goes to one bromine atom each forming two free bromine radicals
41
Diagram of the initiation process between Br and methane
Br2➡2Br*
42
Describe the 2 steps in propagation process
Step 1: the free bromine radical reacts with the methane atom and takes a hydrogen and an electron from the methane atom to form a free methyl group and hydrogen bromide Step 2: the free methyl group reacts with an bromine molecule to form bromomethane and a free bromine radical
43
Diagram of the propagation process
Step 1: CH4 + Br*➡CH3+HBr Step 2: CH3+ Br2➡CH4Br+Br*
44
Describe the termination process
Removes the free radical from the system by replacing them with new ones
45
Possible termination products
Br*+Br*➡Br2 2CH3* ➡ C2H6 CH3* + Br* ➡ CH3Br
46
What are some problems with the free radical substitution?
It produces a wide range of side-products so we need to separate out the product molecule
47
What are alkene
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons
48
What is the general formula of alkenes?
CnH2n
49
What are the types of covalent bonds in alkenes?
π-bonds and sigma σ-bonds
50
What are π-bonds?
π-bonds are formed when sideway orbitals overlap above and below the bonding C atoms
51
Explain the reactivity of alkenes
Alkenes are reactivity because: 1. the double bond is a region of high electron density which will attract an electrophile 2. The π-bond has a lower bond enthalpy than σ-bonds and so less energy is needed to break the π-bonds
52
What are σ-bonds?
They are formed when the orbitals overlap between the bonding atoms
53
Explain the shape and bond angles around the C atoms of a C=C bond
Each carbon atom has 3 regions of electron density which repel each other forming a trigonal plane with bond angles of 120 °
54
What is an electrophile?
An electrophile is an electron pair acceptor from a region of high electron density.
55
What is the reaction that alkenes are involved in?
Addition reactions
56
What happens in an addition reaction?
a small molecule breaks the π-bond forming a new σ-bond unsaturated to saturated
57
What is formed when a hydrogen halide reacts with a symmetrical alkene?
Hydrogen halide + symmetrical alkene=one product
58
What is formed when a hydrogen halide reacts with an unsymmetrical alkene?
Hydrogen halide + unsymmetrical alkene= two product (one is usually a major product while the other is a minor product)
59
Why are major and minor products formed?
They are formed because the stability of the carbocations depend on the number of alkyl groups that the carbon with the positive charge is bonded to.
60
What is a carbocation?
It is a positive charged specie with the positive charge on the carbon atom
61
What is a primary carbocation?
It is when the carbon with the positive charge is bonded to only one alkyl group
62
What is a secondary carbocation?
It is when the carbon with the positive charge is bonded to 2 alkyl groups
63
What product ends up being the major product?
The secondary carbocation because it is more stable so it's more likely to form more products
64
What is Markovnikov's rule?
When a hydrogen halide reacts with an asymmetric alkene, the hydrogen atom of the hydrogen halide is more likely to get attracted to the carbon atom which has a greater number of hydrogen atoms
65
Describe the test for unsaturation
In a test tube, add the unknown substance and add bromine water and gently mix the mixture RESULTS: if the mixture is unsaturated, then the mixture will turn colourless and this is because of the bromine molecule getting added across the C==C bond

Chemistry (3 decks)

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