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A Level Chemistry > Core Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Core Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Def Structural isomer

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

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2
Q

Def Homologous series

A

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group (+general formula) but with each successive member differing by characteristic due to additional CH2

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3
Q

Functional group
(Def not required)

A

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

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4
Q

Alkyl group formula

A

CnH2n+1

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5
Q

What is aliphatic compound?

A

A compound containing carbon & hydrogen joined together in straight or branched chains or non-aromatic rings

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6
Q

What is alicyclic compound?

A

A compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains

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7
Q

What is an aromatic compound?

A

A compound containing a benzene ring

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8
Q

Identification of carboxylic acid
(Functional group + naming)

A

F Group - COOH
Suffix - anoic acid

Ending = oic acid

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9
Q

Identification of amide
(Functional group + naming)

A

F group- RCONH2
Suffix- amide

Ending = amide

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10
Q

Identification of ester
(Functional group + naming)

A

F group- RCOOR
Prefix- alkyl. Suffix- anoate

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11
Q

Identification of haloalkane
(Functional group + naming)

A

F group- RX
Suffix-

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12
Q

Identification of aldehyde
(Functional group + naming)

A

F group - RCHO
Suffix- anal

Ending = al

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13
Q

Identification of alcohol
(Functional group + naming)

A

F group - OH
Suffix- anol

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14
Q

General formula of alcohol

A

CnH2n+2O

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15
Q

Genera formula of aldehydes?
+ how is it different from ketones

A

CnH2nO

Functional group at the end

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16
Q

General formula of ketones
+ how is it different from aldehydes?

A

CnH2nO

Functional group is found in middle of the molecule NOT at the ends

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17
Q

General formula of carboxylic acids?

A

CnH2nO2

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18
Q

General formula for amines

A

CnH2n+3N

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19
Q

General formula nitriles

A

CnH2n+1N

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20
Q

Prefix of named organic molecules shows?

A

The number of carbon atoms in the longest chain

(Meth, eth ,prop, but, pent ,etc)

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21
Q

Rule of numbering carbons in organic?

A

Number from the side which produces the lowest numbers

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22
Q

Order of steps to name organic molecules ?
Order of importance

A

1) find the longest C chain (root)
2) find the functional groups (ene, ol,al,one)
3) name any halogens in alphebetical order
4) any alkyl groups in alphabetical order

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23
Q

Stereoisomers def

A

Compounds with the same structural formula but the atoms are arranged differently in space

(Two catergories - geometrical & optical)

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24
Q

Difference in movement between double and single covalent bonds?

A

Single - fully rotational

Double- very restricted rotation= can flex slightly but not rotate like single bonds

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25
Q

Conditions needed for cis (Z)/ trans (E) isomers? (Stereoisomers)

A

1) C atoms at either side of double bond must be attached to two different groups.
Due to restricted rotation of C=C bond groups either side are fixed unlike in single C-C bonds where they can rotate.

2) at least on of those groups must be the same on the C atoms

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26
Q

Which molecules is cis/ trans in stereoisomers

A

Look at the group which is the same on both carbons either side of double bond

Cis
- if these two atoms are on the same side of carbon atoms
Trans
- if these two atoms are on opposite sides of carbon atoms

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27
Q

Different types of covalent bond fissions? +what makes them different?

A
  • Homolytic fission (Homolysis)
    Each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair
    [equally split = two radicals]
  • Heterolytic fission (Heterolysis)
    One bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair
    [unequally split]
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28
Q

What are radicals + how they are shown?

A

Radical - a species with an unpaired electron

Large dots are used after the element/molecule to show the unpaired electron

29
Q

What is use to describe movement of an electron pair?

A

In heterolytic fission/ formation of a covalent bond
A ‘curly arrow’ is used

30
Q

Describe the mechanism of Methane and Chlorine in radical substitution

A

Conditions requires : UV light
Mechanism:
INITIALTION. Cl2 —> 2 Cl .

PROPAGATION Cl. + CH4 —> CH3. + HCl
Cl2 + CH3. —> CH3Cl + Cl.

TERMINATION. Cl. + Cl. —> Cl2
Cl . + CH3. —> CH3Cl
CH3. + CH3. —> C2H6

31
Q

In chlorination of methane reaction ( mechanism) what are the steps? + why are they these?

A

Initiation
- a molecules is broken up into two radicals
E.g. Cl2 —> 2Cl.

Propagation
- radicals used and regenerated

Termination
- 2 radials from a complete molecule

32
Q

Structure off Alkenes?

A
  • unsaturated hydrocarbons constraining C=C bond comprising of a pi bond and σ bond ; the molecule has restricted rotation due to pi bond.
33
Q

what is pi bond?

A

Pi bond
- sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below the bonding C Atoms

34
Q

What is sigma bond?

A

Sigma bond
- overlap of orbital directly between the boding atoms
(This is the one ins single bonds)

35
Q

Difference between Cis/ trans isomers and E/Z isomers

A

Cis/trans
special case of E/Z isomerism with 2 of the substituent groups attached to each carbon atom of the c=c groups are the same)
-only used when 2H and 2 non-hydrogens on C=C bond

E/Z
example of stereoisomerism requires 2 different groups to be attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group
- can be used at all times but uses higher priority groups using CIP priority

36
Q

CIP priority of atoms/groups for E/Z isomers

A

I > Br > Cl > F > H
C3H7 > C2H5 > CH3 > H

Prioritised according to their mass number
Higher mass number = higher priority

37
Q

arrangements and bond angle of atoms around C=C in Alkenes

A

Arrangement = trigonal planar
Bond angle = 120o
As electron pairs repel each other appart

38
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

A

Alkenes are highly reactive due to relatively low bond enthalpy of the π bond

39
Q

electrophilic addition reaction
Alkenes + hydrogen

1) reagent
2) conditions
3) equation
4) use

A

1) hydrogen
2) nickel catalyst - finely divided
3) C2H4(g) + H2 (g) —> C2H6 (g)
4) produces Alkenes and is used in margarine manufacturing

40
Q

electrophilic addition reaction
Alkenes + bromine

1) reagent
2) conditions
3) equation
4) mechanism
5) use

A

1) bromine water or dissolved in tetrachloromethane (CCl4)
2) room temperature
3) C2H4(g) + Br2(g) —> CH2BrCH2Br(l)
4) see notes
5) bromine used to detect presents of double C=C bond as a test for unsaturated hydrocarbons because changes colour from orange to colourless

41
Q

electrophilic addition reaction
Alkenes + hydrogen halides (e.g HBr)

1) reagent
2) conditions
3) equation
4) mechanisms
5) use

A

1) hydrogen bromine
2) room temperature
3) C4H4(g) + HBr(g) —> C2H5Br(l)
4) see notes
5) to from haloalkanes

42
Q

type of fission occurs in electrophilic addition?

A

Heterolytic fission
(Uneven distribution)

43
Q

Def of electrophiles

A

An atom/ group of atoms that is attracted to and accepts an electron pair.
(Usually positive ion)

44
Q

What do curly arrows show in mechanisms

A

The reaction mechanism to show movement of electron pairs

45
Q

Explain Markownikoff’s rule to predict formation of major/minor products from addition reactions with alkenes (unsymmetrical)

A

Major products formed when more important group is on more stable carbocation.

More stable carbocations have more carbons bonded to them.
E.g 1 c-c primary
2C-c secondary
3C-c tertiary (most stable)

46
Q

Show formation of π bond

A

See notes

47
Q

Adv/disadv of processing waste polymers via combustion

A

Adv
- saves on landfill sites
- releases energy that can be used to generate electricity

Disadv
- toxic fumes (HCl) are produced

48
Q

Adv/disadv of processing waste polymers via feedstock

A

Adv
- feedstock recycling is able to handle unsorted & unwashed polymers
- can be used to produce new polymers

49
Q

Adv/disadv of processing waste polymers via recycling

A

Adv
- saves on raw materials
- decreases amount in landfill
- thermoplastic polymers can be melted down &re-shaped

Disadv
- have to be sorted by type of polymer
- energy and resources needed to collect and sort waste as well as wash and melt
- can be more expensive

50
Q

Ways waste polymers can be processed sustainably

A
  • recycled
  • feedstock
  • combustion for energy production
51
Q

2-chloropropene can be polymerised to form poly(2-chloropropene).

I) write a balanced equation for the for formation of this polymer, equation should include structure of repeat unit of polymer

A

see notes
Ensure that n is seen on both sides

52
Q

Describe the differences between the σ bond and π bond
(3 main)

A

1) π bond has a lower bond empathy
2) π bond has sideways overlap whereas σ bond is direct overlap of s-orbitals
3) σ bond is between bonding atoms whereas π bond is above and below bonding atoms

53
Q

Explain why a compound may not have E/Z isomer but still has double bond

A

1 of the carbon atoms is attached to two groups which are the same.

54
Q

Radical substitution produces a mixture of organic products
Suggest 2 reasons why

A
  • produces different termination products
  • substitution at different points along the chain
55
Q

Suggest why 2-methylbut-2-ene is less soluble in water than isomers of C5H12O

A

2-methylbut-2-ene
-doesn’t contain OH group (not an alcohol)
- doesn’t therefore form H bonds with water

56
Q

How is hydrogen chloride gas removed from waste gases
+with what

A

It is neutralised with NaHCO3 (sodium hydrogencarbonate)

57
Q

Structure of phenol

A

An aromatic hydrocarbon with an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring

58
Q

Compare Boiling points of alcohols and alkanes
+ explain why

A

Alcohols = higher boiling point
Reason = inter molecule hydrogen bonds present as well as induced dipole dipole interactions

59
Q

Trend of alcohol solubility
As increase the C atoms in alkyl group

A

Shorter alcohol chains are miscible with water due to hydrogen bonds

As you increase C chain solubility decrease as larger area of non polar region that cannot be dissolved

60
Q

Draw example of primary, secondary, tertiary alcohol

A

See notes
Primary- one other carbon bonded to central carbon (with OH attached)
Secondary - two other carbons bonded to central carbon (with oH attached)
Tertiary - three other carbon atoms boned to central carbon (with OH attached

61
Q

Way to produce alcohols
1) two industrial methods
2) in lab from -Haloalkane
- aldehydes

A

industrially
fermentation
- uses glucose and yeast in warm conditions to produce alcohol and CO2
direct hydration
- alkene + acid. Catalysed (phosphoric acid) +steam produces alcohols

in labs
from haloalkanes
- reflux with aq sodium/potassium hydroxide
from aldehydes
- reduction with sodium tetrahydridoborate (NaBH4)

62
Q

Products of oxidation of primary alcohols? + give example of equation

A

If distilled = aldehyde
E.g CH3CH2OH (l) + [O] —> CH3CHO (l) + H2O (l)

If refluxed = carboxylic acid
E.g CH3CHO (l) + [O] —> CH3COOH (l)

63
Q

Products of oxidation of secondary alcohols? + give example equation

A

Ketones
E.g CH3CHOHCO3 (l) + [O] —> CH3COCH3 (l) + H2O (l)

64
Q

Products of oxidation of tertiary alcohols

A

They are not oxidised under these conditions. They do break down with vigorous oxidation though.

65
Q

Describe the hydrolysis of haloalkanes in substitution reaction bu aqueous alkali
(Mechanism)

A

See notes
Remember
-dipoles on C and halogen
- lone pairs on OH- group
- curly arrows moving towards were electrons are moving

66
Q

Define nucleophile

A

An electron pair donor

67
Q

Nucleophilic substitution mechanism

A

Reagents-
Conditions-
Mechanism-
Formula-

68
Q

Explain trend in rate of hydrolysis of primary haloalkanes

A

Bond enthalpies …

69
Q

Identification of Ketone
(Functional group + naming)

A

Functional group= C=O attached in the middle of chain
Ending = one

A Level Chemistry (11 decks)

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