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A Level Chemistry > Core Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Core Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Def Structural isomer

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

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2
Q

Def Homologous series

A

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group (+general formula) but with each successive member differing by characteristic due to additional CH2

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3
Q

Functional group
(Def not required)

A

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

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4
Q

Alkyl group formula

A

CnH2n+1

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5
Q

What is aliphatic compound?

A

A compound containing carbon & hydrogen joined together in straight or branched chains or non-aromatic rings

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6
Q

What is alicyclic compound?

A

A compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains

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7
Q

What is an aromatic compound?

A

A compound containing a benzene ring

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8
Q

Identification of carboxylic acid
(Functional group + naming)

A

F Group - COOH
Suffix - anoic acid

Ending = oic acid

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9
Q

Identification of amide
(Functional group + naming)

A

F group- RCONH2
Suffix- amide

Ending = amide

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10
Q

Identification of ester
(Functional group + naming)

A

F group- RCOOR
Prefix- alkyl. Suffix- anoate

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11
Q

Identification of haloalkane
(Functional group + naming)

A

F group- RX
Suffix-

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12
Q

Identification of aldehyde
(Functional group + naming)

A

F group - RCHO
Suffix- anal

Ending = al

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13
Q

Identification of alcohol
(Functional group + naming)

A

F group - OH
Suffix- anol

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14
Q

General formula of alcohol

A

CnH2n+2O

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15
Q

Genera formula of aldehydes?
+ how is it different from ketones

A

CnH2nO

Functional group at the end

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16
Q

General formula of ketones
+ how is it different from aldehydes?

A

CnH2nO

Functional group is found in middle of the molecule NOT at the ends

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17
Q

General formula of carboxylic acids?

A

CnH2nO2

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18
Q

General formula for amines

A

CnH2n+3N

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19
Q

General formula nitriles

A

CnH2n+1N

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20
Q

Prefix of named organic molecules shows?

A

The number of carbon atoms in the longest chain

(Meth, eth ,prop, but, pent ,etc)

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21
Q

Rule of numbering carbons in organic?

A

Number from the side which produces the lowest numbers

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22
Q

Order of steps to name organic molecules ?
Order of importance

A

1) find the longest C chain (root)
2) find the functional groups (ene, ol,al,one)
3) name any halogens in alphebetical order
4) any alkyl groups in alphabetical order

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23
Q

Stereoisomers def

A

Compounds with the same structural formula but the atoms are arranged differently in space

(Two catergories - geometrical & optical)

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24
Q

Difference in movement between double and single covalent bonds?

A

Single - fully rotational

Double- very restricted rotation= can flex slightly but not rotate like single bonds

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25
Conditions needed for cis (Z)/ trans (E) isomers? (Stereoisomers)
1) C atoms at either side of double bond must be attached to two different groups. Due to restricted rotation of C=C bond groups either side are fixed unlike in single C-C bonds where they can rotate. 2) at least on of those groups must be the same on the C atoms
26
Which molecules is cis/ trans in stereoisomers
Look at the group which is the same on both carbons either side of double bond Cis - if these two atoms are on the same side of carbon atoms Trans - if these two atoms are on opposite sides of carbon atoms
27
Different types of covalent bond fissions? +what makes them different?
- **Homolytic** fission (Homolysis) Each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair [equally split = two radicals] - **Heterolytic** fission (Heterolysis) One bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair [unequally split]
28
What are radicals + how they are shown?
Radical - a species with an unpaired electron Large dots are used after the element/molecule to show the unpaired electron
29
What is use to describe movement of an electron pair?
In heterolytic fission/ formation of a covalent bond A ‘curly arrow’ is used
30
Describe the mechanism of Methane and Chlorine in radical substitution
Conditions requires : UV light Mechanism: **INITIALTION**. Cl2 —> 2 Cl **.** **PROPAGATION** Cl**.** + CH4 —> CH3**.** + HCl Cl2 + CH3**.** —> CH3Cl + Cl**.** **TERMINATION**. Cl**.** + Cl**.** —> Cl2 Cl **.** + CH3**.** —> CH3Cl CH3**.** + CH3**.** —> C2H6
31
In chlorination of methane reaction ( mechanism) what are the steps? + why are they these?
Initiation - a molecules is broken up into two radicals E.g. Cl2 —> 2Cl**.** Propagation - radicals used and regenerated Termination - 2 radials from a complete molecule
32
Structure off Alkenes?
- unsaturated hydrocarbons constraining C=C bond comprising of a **pi bond** and **σ bond** ; the molecule has restricted rotation due to pi bond.
33
what is pi bond?
Pi bond - sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below the bonding C Atoms
34
What is sigma bond?
Sigma bond - overlap of orbital directly between the boding atoms (This is the one ins single bonds)
35
Difference between Cis/ trans isomers and E/Z isomers
Cis/trans *special case of E/Z isomerism with 2 of the substituent groups attached to each carbon atom of the c=c groups are the same)* -only used when 2H and 2 non-hydrogens on C=C bond E/Z *example of stereoisomerism requires 2 different groups to be attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group* - can be used at all times but uses higher priority groups using CIP priority
36
CIP priority of atoms/groups for E/Z isomers
I > Br > Cl > F > H C3H7 > C2H5 > CH3 > H Prioritised according to their mass number Higher mass number = higher priority
37
arrangements and bond angle of atoms around C=C in Alkenes
Arrangement = trigonal planar Bond angle = 120o As electron pairs repel each other appart
38
Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?
Alkenes are highly reactive due to relatively low bond enthalpy of the π bond
39
**electrophilic addition reaction** Alkenes + hydrogen 1) reagent 2) conditions 3) equation 4) use
1) hydrogen 2) nickel catalyst - *finely divided* 3) C2H4(g) **+** H2 (g) **—>** C2H6 (g) 4) produces Alkenes and is used in margarine manufacturing
40
**electrophilic addition reaction** Alkenes + bromine 1) reagent 2) conditions 3) equation 4) mechanism 5) use
1) bromine water or dissolved in tetrachloromethane (CCl4) 2) room temperature 3) C2H4(g) **+** Br2(g) **—>** CH2BrCH2Br(l) 4) see notes 5) bromine used to detect presents of double C=C bond as a test for unsaturated hydrocarbons because changes colour from orange to colourless
41
**electrophilic addition reaction** Alkenes + hydrogen halides (e.g HBr) 1) reagent 2) conditions 3) equation 4) mechanisms 5) use
1) hydrogen bromine 2) room temperature 3) C4H4(g) **+** HBr(g) **—>** C2H5Br(l) 4) see notes 5) to from haloalkanes
42
type of fission occurs in electrophilic addition?
Heterolytic fission (Uneven distribution)
43
Def of electrophiles
An atom/ group of atoms that is attracted to and accepts an electron pair. (Usually positive ion)
44
What do curly arrows show in mechanisms
The reaction mechanism to show movement of electron pairs
45
Explain Markownikoff’s rule to predict formation of major/minor products from addition reactions with alkenes (unsymmetrical)
Major products formed when more important group is on more stable carbocation. More stable carbocations have more carbons bonded to them. E.g 1 c-c primary 2C-c secondary 3C-c tertiary (most stable)
46
Show formation of π bond
See notes
47
Adv/disadv of processing waste polymers via combustion
Adv - saves on landfill sites - releases energy that can be used to generate electricity Disadv - toxic fumes (HCl) are produced
48
Adv/disadv of processing waste polymers via feedstock
Adv - feedstock recycling is able to handle unsorted & unwashed polymers - can be used to produce new polymers Disadv -
49
Adv/disadv of processing waste polymers via recycling
Adv - saves on raw materials - decreases amount in landfill - thermoplastic polymers can be melted down &re-shaped Disadv - have to be sorted by type of polymer - energy and resources needed to collect and sort waste as well as wash and melt - can be more expensive
50
Ways waste polymers can be processed sustainably
- recycled - feedstock - combustion for energy production
51
*2-chloropropene can be polymerised to form poly(2-chloropropene).* *I) write a balanced equation for the for formation of this polymer, equation should include structure of repeat unit of polymer*
see notes Ensure that n is seen on both sides
52
Describe the differences between the σ bond and π bond (3 main)
1) π bond has a lower bond empathy 2) π bond has sideways overlap whereas σ bond is direct overlap of s-orbitals 3) σ bond is between bonding atoms whereas π bond is above and below bonding atoms
53
*Explain why a compound may not have E/Z isomer but still has double bond*
1 of the carbon atoms is attached to two groups which are the same.
54
*Radical substitution produces a mixture of organic products Suggest 2 reasons why*
- produces different termination products - substitution at different points along the chain
55
*Suggest why 2-methylbut-2-ene is less soluble in water than isomers of C5H12O*
2-methylbut-2-ene -doesn’t contain OH group (not an alcohol) - doesn’t therefore form H bonds with water
56
How is hydrogen chloride gas removed from waste gases +with what
It is neutralised with NaHCO3 (sodium hydrogencarbonate)
57
Structure of phenol
An aromatic hydrocarbon with an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring
58
Compare Boiling points of alcohols and alkanes + explain why
Alcohols = higher boiling point Reason = inter molecule hydrogen bonds present as well as induced dipole dipole interactions
59
Trend of alcohol solubility As increase the C atoms in alkyl group
Shorter alcohol chains are miscible with water due to hydrogen bonds As you increase C chain solubility decrease as larger area of non polar region that cannot be dissolved
60
Draw example of primary, secondary, tertiary alcohol
See notes Primary- one other carbon bonded to central carbon (with OH attached) Secondary - two other carbons bonded to central carbon (with oH attached) Tertiary - three other carbon atoms boned to central carbon (with OH attached
61
Way to produce alcohols 1) two industrial methods 2) in lab from -Haloalkane - aldehydes
**industrially** *fermentation* - uses glucose and yeast in warm conditions to produce alcohol and CO2 *direct hydration* - alkene + acid. Catalysed (phosphoric acid) +steam produces alcohols **in labs** *from haloalkanes* - reflux with aq sodium/potassium hydroxide *from aldehydes* - reduction with sodium tetrahydridoborate (NaBH4)
62
Products of oxidation of primary alcohols? + give example of equation
If distilled = aldehyde E.g CH3CH2OH (l) + [O] —> CH3CHO (l) + H2O (l) If refluxed = carboxylic acid E.g CH3CHO (l) + [O] —> CH3COOH (l)
63
Products of oxidation of secondary alcohols? + give example equation
Ketones E.g CH3CHOHCO3 (l) + [O] —> CH3COCH3 (l) + H2O (l)
64
Products of oxidation of tertiary alcohols
They are not oxidised under these conditions. They do break down with vigorous oxidation though.
65
Describe the hydrolysis of haloalkanes in substitution reaction bu aqueous alkali (Mechanism)
See notes Remember -dipoles on C and halogen - lone pairs on OH- group - curly arrows moving towards were electrons are moving
66
Define nucleophile
An electron pair donor
67
Nucleophilic substitution mechanism
Reagents- Conditions- Mechanism- Formula-
68
Explain trend in rate of hydrolysis of primary haloalkanes
Bond enthalpies …
69
Identification of Ketone (Functional group + naming)
Functional group= C=O attached in the middle of chain Ending = one

A Level Chemistry (15 decks)

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