Core - Chapter 1 - Population and Birth Rates Flashcards
How is the annual growth rate calculated?
By subtracting the crude death rate (‰) from the crude birth rate (‰) expressed in %
Where are the highest and lowest growth rates found?
Highest - Africa
Lowest - North America and Europe
What does global population growth create?
Great pressures on governments to provide for their people
Increased pressure on the environment
Increased risk for famine and malnutrition
Greater differences between the richer countries and the poorer countries
How do you calculate the CBR?
total number of live births/total population x 1000 per year
How do you calculate the total fertility rate/general fertility rate?
TFR - average number of births per thousand women of childbearing age
GFR - number of births per thousand women aged 15-49 (sometimes 15-45)
What is a n age-specific birth rate?
An ASBR displays the number of births given by any specific age group
no of births/women of any specified year group x 1000 per year
What does the gender-related development index measure and what is usually connected to a low GDI?
GDI measures the inequality between the sexes in life expectancy, education and the standard of living
A low GDI is usually connected to a low status for women, few women are educated or involved in paid employment, birth rates are high
An improved GDI usually causes the birth rates to fall, e.g. Singapore where the TFR went from 3.0 to 1.5 between 1960 and 2000 as a result of great social and economic changes
Describe the patterns in family size related to their economic status
The higher the level of parental education, the fewer the children. Middle-income families with high aspirations but limited means end to have the smallest families. Poor people with limited resources or ambition often have large families. Affluent people can afford large families.
Women’s educational level and births: evidence from China
Level of education - CBR - TFR University - 42.18 - 1.15 Senior middle school - 63.88 - 1.23 Junior middle school - 67.43 - 1.44 Primary school - 86.25 - 2.02 Illiterate - 94.50 - 2.44
Why do people in rural areas have more children than those in urban areas?
- more rigid social pressures on women
- greater freedom and less state control (e.g. China one child policy)
- females in rural areas have fewer educational and economic opportunities
(- in some urban areas, such as shanty towns, there are high levels of fertility because of their youthful population structure)
Describe the relationship between economic prosperity and birth rates
Economic prosperity favors an increase in the birth rate, while increasing costs lead to a decline. Recession and unemployment are also linked with a decline in the birth rates
What are births to replace passed away children called?
Replacement births/compensatory births
