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PDH > Core 2 > Flashcards

Core 2 Flashcards

0
Q

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS.

What is a slightly movable/cartilaginous joint?

A

A joint that permits limited movement.

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1
Q

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS.

What is and immovable/fibrous joint?

A

A joint where no movement is possible.

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2
Q

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS.

What is a really movable/synovial joint?

A

A joint that allows maximum movement.

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3
Q

MUSCLE RELATIONSHIPS.

What is an agonist?

A

The muscle causing the major action.

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4
Q

MUSCLE RELATIONSHIPS.

What is an antagonist?

A

A muscle that must relax and lengthen to allow the agonist to contract.

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5
Q

MUSCLE RELATIONSHIPS.

What is a stabiliser?

A

They act at a joint to stabilise it giving the muscles a fixed base.

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6
Q

TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION.

What is a concentric contraction?

A

The muscle shortens causing movement at the joint.

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7
Q

TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION.

What is and eccentric contraction?

A

The muscle lengthens while under tension, often with the assistance of gravity.

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8
Q

TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION.

What is an isometric contraction?

A

Muscle fibres are activated and develop force, but the muscle length does not change and movement does not occur.

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9
Q

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

It allows the body to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.

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10
Q

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

What is inspiration?

A

And movement from the atmosphere into the lungs. (Breathing in)

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11
Q

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

What is expiration?

A

A movement from the lungs to the atmosphere. (Breathing out)

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12
Q

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
What happens in the exchange of gases?

(3)

A

Occurs between blood in the capillaries and the cells of the body. Oxygen is unloaded to the cells while carbon dioxide, resulting from cell metabolism, is given up to the blood.
Deoxygenated blood is carried back to the lungs where it unloads carbon dioxide.

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13
Q

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
What are the four components of blood?

(4)

A

Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

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14
Q

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
What is plasma?

(2)

A

Made up of about 90% water, as well as substances such as proteins, nutrients, hormones, mineral salts and wastes. Which are necessary for the nourishment and functioning of tissues.

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15
Q

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
What are red blood cells?

(4)

A

Formed in the bone marrow.
Flat disc shape.
Contain iron and protein called haemoglobin.
Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body.

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16
Q

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
What are white blood cells?

(2)

A

Formed in the bone marrow and lymph nodes.

Provide the body with a mobile protection system against disease.

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17
Q

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

What are platelets?

A

Tiny cell fragments which aid in the clotting of blood in the event of a cut or injury.

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18
Q

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

A rhythmic contraction and relaxation process of the heart.

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19
Q

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

Which two phases does the cardiac cycle consist of?

A

Diastole phase

Systole phase

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20
Q

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

What is the diastole phase?

A

The muscles of both atria and ventricles relax and blood flows in to fill both the atria and ventricles in preparation for systole (contraction).

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21
Q

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

What is the systole phase?

A

The atria contract first to further fill the ventricles. The ventricles then contract and push blood under pressure to the lungs and all parts of the body. As they contract, the rising pressure in the ventricles forces that atrioventricular valves to close and opens the valves in the arteries leaving the heart.

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22
Q

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

What is blood pressure?

A

The force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels.

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23
Q

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

What is systolic pressure?

A

The highest pressure recorded when blood is forced into the arteries during contraction of the left ventricle.

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24
Q

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

What is diastolic pressure?

A

The lowest pressure recorded when the heart is relaxing and filling.

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25
Q

HEALTH-RELATED COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS.

What are the five health related components of physical fitness?

A 
Cardiorespiratory endurance.
Muscular strength.
Muscular endurance.
Flexibility.
Body composition.
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26
Q

HEALTH-RELATED COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS.

What is cardiorespiratory endurance?

A

The ability of the lungs, heart and blood vessels to supply oxygen to working muscles; it also refers to the ability of working muscles to take up and use oxygen.

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27
Q

HEALTH-RELATED COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS.
What is involved in a well-trained cardiorespiratory system?

(3)

A

Delivery of adequate quantities of blood (high cardiac output).
A functional ventilation system (respiratory system).
A good transport system (circulatory system) to ensure efficient and speedy delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells.

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28
Q

HEALTH-RELATED COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS.

What is muscular strength?

A

The ability to exert force against a resistance in a single maximal effort.

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29
Q

HEALTH-RELATED COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS.

What is muscular endurance?

A

The ability of the muscles to endure physical work for extended periods of time without undue fatigue.

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30
Q

HEALTH-RELATED COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS.

What is flexibility?

A

The range of motion around a joint.

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31
Q

HEALTH-RELATED COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS.

What is body composition?

A

The percentage of fat as opposed to lean body mass in a human being. Recommended for men 15 – 20% and 20 – 25% for woman.

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32
Q

SKILL RELATED COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS.

What are the six skill-related components of physical fitness?

A 
Power.
Speed.
Agility.
Coordination.
Balance.
Reaction time.
33
Q

SKILL RELATED COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS.

What is power?

A

The ability to combine strength and speed in an explosive action.

34
Q

SKILL RELATED COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS.

What is speed?

A

The ability to perform body movements quickly.

35
Q

SKILL RELATED COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS.

What is agility?

A

The ability to move the body from one position to another with speed and precision.

36
Q

SKILL RELATED COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS.

What is coordination?

A

The ability to harmonise the messages from the senses with parts of the body to produce movements that are smooth, skilful and well controlled.

37
Q

SKILL RELATED COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS.

What is balance?

A

The ability to maintain equilibrium while either stationary or moving.

38
Q

SKILL RELATED COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS.

What is reaction time?

A

The time taken to respond to a stimulus.

39
Q

AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC TRAINING.

What is aerobic training?

A

It targets an athletes endurance capacity with the aim of improving oxygen delivery to the working muscles.

40
Q

AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC TRAINING.

What does aerobic training involved?

A

Continuous activity over a medium to long period of time, many repetitions.

41
Q

AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC TRAINING.

What is anaerobic training?

A

Done when insufficient oxygen is delivered to working muscles.
The intensity is higher and the time period is shorter than aerobic activity.

42
Q

FITT PRINCIPLE

What does the FITT principle stand for?

A

Frequency.
Intensity.
Type.
Time.

43
Q

FITT PRINCIPLE

What does frequency mean?

A

Training must be more than just a one off an event.

44
Q

FITT PRINCIPLE

What does intensity mean?

A

How hard an athlete is working in any one session.

45
Q

FITT PRINCIPLE

What does type mean?

A

The method used to improve fitness.

46
Q

FITT PRINCIPLE

What does time mean?

A

How long an individual should exercise for.

47
Q

IMMEDIATE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO TRAINING.

What is heart rate?

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute.

48
Q

IMMEDIATE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO TRAINING.

What is the average resting heart rate of the human?

A

72 BPM

49
Q

IMMEDIATE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO TRAINING.

What is ventilation right?

A

The number of breaths a person takes in an amount of time.

50
Q

IMMEDIATE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO TRAINING.

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle of the heart during a contraction measured in millilitres/beat.

51
Q

IMMEDIATE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO TRAINING.

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

52
Q

IMMEDIATE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO TRAINING.

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output is the product of heart rate and stroke volume.
CO = HR x SV

53
Q

IMMEDIATE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO TRAINING.

What is lactate?

A

The chemical formed by the breakdown of carbohydrates in the absence of sufficient oxygen.

54
Q

IMMEDIATE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO TRAINING.

What is a lactate level?

A

Relates to the pH value of blood, which is affected by physical activity.

55
Q

BIOMECHANICS.

What is motion?

A

The movement of a body from one position to another.

56
Q

BIOMECHANICS.

What is linear motion?

A

Takes place when a body and all parts connected to it travel the same distance in the same direction and at the same speed.

57
Q

BIOMECHANICS.

What is velocity?

A

Equal to displacement divided by time.

58
Q

BIOMECHANICS.

What is speed?

A

Equal to the distance covered divided by the time taken to cover the distance.

59
Q

BIOMECHANICS.

What is acceleration?

A

The rate at which velocity changes in a given amount of time.

60
Q

BIOMECHANICS.

What is inertia?

A

The resistance to acceleration or the unwillingness of a body to change whatever it is doing.

61
Q

BIOMECHANICS.

What is momentum?

A

The product of mass and velocity.

62
Q

BIOMECHANICS.

What is projectile motion?

A

The path of any object moving through the air under its own influence and does not have any kind of propulsion system.

63
Q

BALANCE AND STABILITY.

What is centre of gravity?

A

The point where all the body weight is balanced or the point about which the body weight is evenly distributed.

64
Q

BALANCE AND STABILITY.

What is line of gravity?

A

Represents the direction gravity acts, perpendicular to the Earth’s surface, passing through the body at the centre of gravity.

65
Q

BALANCE AND STABILITY.

What is the base of support?

A

Refers to an imaginary area that surrounds the outside edge of the body when it is in contact with a surface.

66
Q

FLUID MECHANICS.

For an object to float, what needs to happen?

A

The object needs to displace an amount of water that weighs more than itself.

67
Q

FLUID MECHANICS.

What is centre of buoyancy?

A

The centre of gravity of the fluid displaced by a floating object.

68
Q

FLUID MECHANICS.

Where does the centre of mass lie when we are floating?

A

In attempt to float, the body rotates until the centre of mass lies directly below the centre of buoyancy.

69
Q

FLUID MECHANICS.

What is fluid resistance?

A

The force applied by a gas or liquid resisting the motion of a body through it.

70
Q

FLUID MECHANICS.

What is pressure/profile track?

A

Comes from the frontal area exposed to the water and the separation that occurs behind the swimmer.

71
Q

FLUID MECHANICS.

What is surface/skin friction drag?

A

When in freestyle swimming, resistance occurs due to ‘new’ water rubbing against the swimmers body.

72
Q

FLUID MECHANICS.

What happens to reduce surface drag?

A

A thin film of the medium sticks to the surface of the body or object.

73
Q

FLUID MECHANICS.

What is the Magnus effect?

A

The Magnus effect explains why spinning objects such as cricket and golf balls deviate from their normal flight parts.

74
Q

FORCE.

What is force?

A

The push or pull acting on an object.

75
Q

FORCE.

What is an applied force?

A

They are generated by the muscles working on joints.

76
Q

FORCE.

What are reaction forces?

A

They are equal and opposite forces exerted in response to applied forces.

77
Q

FORCE.

How does the body absorb force?

A

The body absorbs force through the joints which respond to the impact.

78
Q

FORCE.

The impact felt when catching a ball can be determined by?

A

Force of the ball.

Distance when receiving the ball.

79
Q

FORCE.

What is a centripetal force?

A

A force directed towards the centre of a rotating body.

80
Q

FORCE.

What is a centrifugal force?

A

A force directed away from the centre of a rotating body.

PDH (4 decks)

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