Core 1: Health Priorities in Australia Flashcards

Question

Describe the extent of CVD on morbidity

Answer 1

- Death rates are declining due to better treatment and fewer levels of risk factors - CVD is a leading cause of disability – around 1.4 million

Answer 2

- NON-MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS • Family history • Gender (men more affected than women) – thought to be due to • the hormone oestrogen – it is a protective factor • Advancing age - MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS • Smoking – the risk is doubled by heavy smoking • Raised blood fat levels – a diet high in saturated fat can raise blood • cholesterol levels • High blood pressure – can overload the heart and blood vessels • Obesity and overweight conditions – contribute to high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol and diabetes • Abdominal obesity • Physical inactivity – increase obesity, high blood pressure and high-fat levels - Other: • Diabetes – this condition damages blood vessels and arteries tend to develop atherosclerosis as a result • Contraceptive pill

Answer 3

* Regular physical activity * Eating a diet low in saturated fat, cholesterol & salt * Low consumption of alcohol * Maintaining a healthy weight * Appropriately managing stress * Avoiding exposure to tobacco smoke

Answer 4

- genetics - diet - media exposure on effect of smoking on CVD have resulted in declining rate of people getting CVD

Answer 5

- low SES= higher mortlity and morbidity because health choices are influenced by money - less educated people are more likely to get CVD

Answer 6

people in rural and remote areas have less access to info, tech and health services

Answer 7

- Tobacco smokers - Family history - Hypertension - High fat diet - Aged 65 and over - Males - Blue-collar workers (labourers and tradespeople who may have higher levels of smoking, alcohol consumption and high fat diets)

Answer 8

- Ageing population - Better detection - New diagnostic technology and screening programs - Better reporting of cancer

Answer 9

- All forms of cancer accounted for around 30% of all deaths in - Australia 2017 (more male than female deaths) - Lung cancer – major cause of death. Declined in males and increased in females. Male rates are still 3 times higher than women - Overall mortality fell slightly from 1991 – 2017 - Cervical cancer decreased – due to success of National Cervical Cancer Screening Program - Cancer mortality rates could be reduced by changes to lifestyle, increased knowledge and awareness of risk factors and symptoms, effective screen and early detection - One in two males and females will develop cancer before the age 85 - Cancer contributed to 19% of the total disease burden in Australia. - Incidence=

Answer 10

``` - LUNG • Tobacco smoking • Occupational exposure to cancer-causing agents (carcinogens like asbestos) • Air pollution - BREAST • Family history • High-fat diet • Early-onset menstruation • Late menopause • Obesity • Benign breast disease • Late first pregnancy or childlessness - SKIN • Fair skin, red hair and blue eyes combined with residence in high sun exposure areas • High number of hours in sun • Prolonged exposure • Number and types of moles on skin ```

Answer 11

- LUNG • Avoid exposure to tobacco smoke and hazardous materials such as asbestos - BREAST • Diet high in fruits and vegetables, low in fat • Practice self-examination • Regular mammograms if over 50 years - SKIN • Avoid exposure to strong sunlight • Reduce exposure – wear a hat, sunscreen, protective clothing and sunglasses

Answer 12

- genetics - ATSI people tend to have higher incidence rates of cancer due to higher rates of smoking and less access to health services

Answer 13

- overexposure to asbestos and other carcinogens - People working outdoors are more prone to skin cancer - limited health choices due to low SES - low education Environmental= - less access to health information and services

Answer 14

``` - LUNG • Cigarette smokers • Exposure to occupational or environmental hazards • Blue-collar occupations • Men and women aged over 50 years - BREAST • Women who have never given birth • Obese • Over 50 years • Direct relative with breast cancer • Women who don’t practise self-examinations • Early menstruation, late menopause - SKIN • Fair skin • Lower latitudes (live closer to the equator) • Outdoor occupations • Too much time in the sun without protection ```

Answer 15

6% of Australians have diabetes 1 million hospitalisations are because of diabetes in 2015/16 ATSI are 4x more likely to have type 2 than non-ATSI Most prevalent in 75+ 1/10 deaths in 2014 had diabetes as an underlying cause of death Low SES are 2x more likely to have type 2 than high SES

Answer 16

- Type 1 is dependant on insulin whereas type 2 is not - Type 1 is more common in children and young adults - Type 1 cannot be prevented whereas type 2 can

Answer 17

``` 1= - genetics - low vitamin d levels - Omega 3 fatty acids 2= - aged over 45 - high blood pressure - overweight - family history - Low SES - gestational diabetes ```

Answer 18

A form of high blood sugar affecting prego women

Answer 19

- eat nutritious food - low-fat diet - decrease sugar and salt intake - regular physical activity - limit alcohol intake

Answer 20

``` sociocultural= - Family history - ATSI - High saturated fats diet Economic= - Low SES - Low education Environmental= - Increased access to technology has lead to less physical activity - limited access to testing and treatment ```

Answer 21

``` Type 1= - ATSI - people aged 45+ - People with family history 2= - Overweight people - people who eat high sugar diet - people whose mother had gestational diabetes ```