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PDHPE > Core 1: Health Priorities in Australia > Flashcards

Core 1: Health Priorities in Australia Flashcards

1
Q

What are priority health issues?

A

Health issues that are of greatest concerns to govts and organisations due to the effect they have on the overall health of Australians and burden of health on the economy.

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2
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of patterns and causes of health and disease in populations and the application of this study to improve health.

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3
Q

Who uses epidemiology?

A

1) Individual consumers
2) Policy developers at all levels of government
3) Manufacturers of health products
4) Providers of health service

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4
Q

What are some limitations of epidemiology?

A

• Doesn’t always show the significant variations in health status among population groups (ATSI and Non-ATSI)
• Doesn’t accurately indicate quality of life (distress, impairment, disability, handicap etc)
• Cannot provide whole health picture (data on mental health are incomplete or non-existent)
• Fail to explain ‘why’ health inequities persist
• Doesn’t account for determinants that shape health (social, economic, environmental & cultural)
- Does not measure positive aspects of health

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5
Q

What are the measures of epidemiology?

A

Mortality, Morbidity, Life expectancy and Infant Mortality

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6
Q

What are the criteria when selecting priority health issues?

A

1) Social justice principles
2) Priority population groups
3) Prevalence of the condition
4) Potential for prevention and early intervention
5) Costs to the individual and community

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7
Q

What are social justice principles?

A

Equity, diversity and supportive environments.

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8
Q

Define equity and diversity.

A 
Equity= resources allocated in accordance with the needs of individuals and populations.
Diversity= refers to cultural differences between individuals and groups
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9
Q

Define prevalence

A

number of cases within a population at a given time

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10
Q

Define and give examples of direct costs.

A

Direct costs – money spent on diagnosing, treating and caring for the sick and the money spent of prevention (For eg: hospital admissions, pharmaceutical prescriptions, prevention initiative, research, screening and education)

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11
Q

Define and give examples of indirect costs.

A

the value of the output lost when people become too ill to work or die prematurely (For eg: cost of forgone earnings, absenteeism and the retraining of replacement workers).

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12
Q

What are the 7 priority areas?

A

1) injury
2) arthritis
3) asthma
4) Cancer
5) diabetes
6) CVD
7) mental illness

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13
Q

What groups are experiencing inequities?

A
  • ATSI
  • Socioeconomically disadvantaged ppl
  • Rural and remote ppl
  • Overseas born people
  • The elderly
  • People with disability
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14
Q

What are some stats that prove that ATSI people face inequities?

A
  • 10 years lower life expectancy than other Australians
  • 4x higher death rate
  • 2x higher child mortality
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15
Q

What are some causes of inequities for ATSI?

A 
•	Access to education
•	Decreased health knowledge
•	Access to health care
•	Location
•	Generational trauma
•	Cultural practice
•	Dispossession 
•	Discrimination
•	Disability
•	Lack of employment
•	Income
-       Housing
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16
Q

What are sociocultural determinants affecting ATSI and rural and remote people?

A 
ATSI=
-	Less-educated
-	Less money
-	High dom violence rate
-	Increased crime
-	Discrimination
-	Loss of dignity
Rural and Remote=
-	Larger families
-	Social isolation
-	Limited access to visitors
-       Stoic attitude of men
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17
Q

What are socioeconomic determinants affecting ATSI and rural and remote people?

A 
ATSI= 
-	Lowest income bracket
-	High unemployment
-	Higher rates in dropping out
-	Less likely to complete study
-	Risky behaviours
Rural and Remote=
-	Less education 
-	Increased hazards
-	High unemployment
-	Declining infrastructure affecting economic resources
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18
Q

What are environmental determinants affecting ATSI and rural and remote people?

A 
ATSI= 
-	Limited access to health services
-	Difficylty accessing dentists/gp/long wait time
-	Overcrowding in housing
-	Remote
-	Less recreational activities
Rural and Remote= 
-	Limited access to health services
-	Natural disasters
-	Long travel distances
-	Closure of health services
-	Reduced internet access
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19
Q

What are the roles of individuals in addressing ATSI/ rural and remote health inequities?

A
  • Making decisions in regards to your health
  • Knowledge
  • Maintaining a healthy lifestyle
  • Not participating in risky behaviours
  • Promote health within family
20
Q

What are the roles of communities in addressing ATSI/ rural and remote health inequities?

A
  • Communities and atsi leaders were and are involved with the implementation of Close the Gap programs
  • Community groups include:
    • Aus indigenous doctors association
    • National community controlled health organisation
    • Aboriginal comm controlled health services
    • Abo med services
  • Work with individuals and governments to achieve better health
21
Q

What is the role of the government in addressing ATSI/ rural and remote health inequities?

A 
-	Main role is lager health promos and funding
•	goal to reduce key risk factors
-	Close the gap at a national level
- education
- medical services
- royal flying doctor service
22
Q

What are the 3 forms of CVD?

A
  • Coronary Heart Disease – poor supply of blood to the muscular walls of the heart by its own blood supply vessels, the coronary arteries
  • Stroke – interruption of the supply of blood to the brain
  • Peripheral Vascular Disease – a disease of the arteries, arterioles and capillaries that affect the limbs, usually reducing blood supply to the legs.
23
Q

Differentiate between Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis

A
  • ATHEROSCLEROSIS – build-up of fatty and/or fibrous material on the interior walls of the arteries.
  • ARTERIOSCLEROSIS – hardening of the arteries.
24
Q

Describe the extent of CVD on mortality

A
  • Mortality rate has declined since 1980
  • Coronary Heart Disease – the leading cause of death in the population overall (12% of all deaths in 2015)
  • Stoke is the next leading cause of death – 7% of all deaths in 2015
25
Q

Describe the extent of CVD on morbidity

A
  • Death rates are declining due to better treatment and fewer levels of risk factors
  • CVD is a leading cause of disability – around 1.4 million
26
Q

What are some risk factors for CVD?

A
  • NON-MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
    • Family history
    • Gender (men more affected than women) – thought to be due to
    • the hormone oestrogen – it is a protective factor
    • Advancing age
  • MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
    • Smoking – the risk is doubled by heavy smoking
    • Raised blood fat levels – a diet high in saturated fat can raise blood
    • cholesterol levels
    • High blood pressure – can overload the heart and blood vessels
    • Obesity and overweight conditions – contribute to high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol and diabetes
    • Abdominal obesity
    • Physical inactivity – increase obesity, high blood pressure and high-fat levels
  • Other:
    • Diabetes – this condition damages blood vessels and arteries tend to develop atherosclerosis as a result
    • Contraceptive pill
27
Q

What are some protective factors for CVD?

A
  • Regular physical activity
  • Eating a diet low in saturated fat, cholesterol & salt
  • Low consumption of alcohol
  • Maintaining a healthy weight
  • Appropriately managing stress
  • Avoiding exposure to tobacco smoke
28
Q

What are some sociocultural determinants of CVD?

A
  • genetics
  • diet
  • media exposure on effect of smoking on CVD have resulted in declining rate of people getting CVD
29
Q

Socioeconimic determinants of CVD

A
  • low SES= higher mortlity and morbidity because health choices are influenced by money
  • less educated people are more likely to get CVD
30
Q

What are environmental determinants of CVD?

A

people in rural and remote areas have less access to info, tech and health services

31
Q

People at risk of CVD?

A
  • Tobacco smokers
  • Family history
  • Hypertension
  • High fat diet
  • Aged 65 and over
  • Males
  • Blue-collar workers (labourers and tradespeople who may have higher levels of smoking, alcohol consumption and high fat diets)
32
Q

Why are cancer morbidity rates increasing?

A
  • Ageing population
  • Better detection
  • New diagnostic technology and screening programs
  • Better reporting of cancer
33
Q

Cancer stats

A
  • All forms of cancer accounted for around 30% of all deaths in
  • Australia 2017 (more male than female deaths)
  • Lung cancer – major cause of death. Declined in males and increased in females. Male rates are still 3 times higher than women
  • Overall mortality fell slightly from 1991 – 2017
  • Cervical cancer decreased – due to success of National Cervical Cancer Screening Program
  • Cancer mortality rates could be reduced by changes to lifestyle, increased knowledge and awareness of risk factors and symptoms, effective screen and early detection
  • One in two males and females will develop cancer before the age 85
  • Cancer contributed to 19% of the total disease burden in Australia.
  • Incidence=
34
Q

What are some risk factors for cancer?

A 
-	LUNG
•	Tobacco smoking
•	Occupational exposure to cancer-causing agents (carcinogens like asbestos)
•	Air pollution
-	BREAST
•	Family history
•	High-fat diet
•	Early-onset menstruation
•	Late menopause
•	Obesity
•	Benign breast disease
•	Late first pregnancy or childlessness
-	SKIN
•	Fair skin, red hair and blue eyes combined with residence in high sun exposure areas
•	High number of hours in sun
•	Prolonged exposure 
•	Number and types of moles on skin
35
Q

What are protective factors for cancer?

A
  • LUNG
    • Avoid exposure to tobacco smoke and hazardous materials such as asbestos
  • BREAST
    • Diet high in fruits and vegetables, low in fat
    • Practice self-examination
    • Regular mammograms if over 50 years
  • SKIN
    • Avoid exposure to strong sunlight
    • Reduce exposure – wear a hat, sunscreen, protective clothing and sunglasses
36
Q

What are some sociocultural determinants of cancer?

A
  • genetics
  • ATSI people tend to have higher incidence rates of cancer due to higher rates of smoking and less access to health services
37
Q

What are the socioeconomic and environmental determinants of cancer?

A
  • overexposure to asbestos and other carcinogens
  • People working outdoors are more prone to skin cancer
  • limited health choices due to low SES
  • low education
    Environmental=
  • less access to health information and services
38
Q

What groups are at risk of cancer?

A 
-	LUNG
•	Cigarette smokers
•	Exposure to occupational or environmental hazards
•	Blue-collar occupations
•	Men and women aged over 50 years
-	BREAST
•	Women who have never given birth
•	Obese
•	Over 50 years
•	Direct relative with breast cancer
•	Women who don’t practise self-examinations
•	Early menstruation, late menopause
-	SKIN
•	Fair skin
•	Lower latitudes (live closer to the equator)
•	Outdoor occupations 
•	Too much time in the sun without protection
39
Q

Diabetes stats

A

6% of Australians have diabetes
1 million hospitalisations are because of diabetes in 2015/16
ATSI are 4x more likely to have type 2 than non-ATSI
Most prevalent in 75+
1/10 deaths in 2014 had diabetes as an underlying cause of death
Low SES are 2x more likely to have type 2 than high SES

40
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes?

A
  • Type 1 is dependant on insulin whereas type 2 is not
  • Type 1 is more common in children and young adults
  • Type 1 cannot be prevented whereas type 2 can
41
Q

What are some risk factors for type 1/2 diabetes?

A 
1= 
- genetics
- low vitamin d levels
- Omega 3 fatty acids
2=
- aged over 45
- high blood pressure
- overweight
- family history
- Low SES
- gestational diabetes
42
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

A form of high blood sugar affecting prego women

43
Q

What are some protective behaviours for diabetes?

A
  • eat nutritious food
  • low-fat diet
  • decrease sugar and salt intake
  • regular physical activity
  • limit alcohol intake
44
Q

What are Socio-cultural, economic and environmental determinants of diabetes?

A 
sociocultural=
- Family history
- ATSI
- High saturated fats diet
Economic=
- Low SES
- Low education
Environmental= 
- Increased access to technology has lead to less physical activity
- limited access to testing and treatment
45
Q

What groups are at risk of type 1/2 diabetes?

A 
Type 1=
- ATSI
- people aged 45+
- People with family history
2= 
- Overweight people
- people who eat high sugar diet
- people whose mother had gestational diabetes

PDHPE (5 decks)

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