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PDHPE SYLLABUS > Core 1 > Flashcards

Core 1 Flashcards

1
Q

measuring health status

A
  • role of epidemiology

- measures of epidemiology (mortality, infant mortality, morbidity, life expectancy)

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2
Q
  • measures of epidemiology
A

life expectancy

mortality

morbidity

infant mortality

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3
Q

identifying priority health issues

A
  • social justice principles
  • priority population groups
  • potential for prevention and intervention
  • prevalence of a condition
  • costs to the individual and community
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4
Q
  • social justice principles
A

equity

diversity

supportive environments

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5
Q

priority population groups

A

groups experiencing inequities

e.g. ATSI, people with disabilities etc.

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6
Q

costs to the individual and community

A

direct

indirect

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7
Q

groups experiencing health inequities

A

ATSI

people with disabilities

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8
Q
  • ATSI
A

nature and extent - 2.3x burden than non-ATSI

  • 10 year lower life expectancy
  • higher mortality rates (for 35-44, it is 4x more likely)
  • 3% identify as ATSI

sociocultural - acceptance of unhealthy behaviours

  • higher rates of domestic violence –> mental health issues and substance abuse
  • reluctance to accept western treatment due to culture

socioeconomic - lower rates of education due to geographic location
- higher rates of unemployment (high stress from this leads to risky behaviours)

environmental - live in more rural and remote regions (35% in major cities, 44% regional and 21% in remote)
- difficulty accessing health services (lower chances of treatment)

individual - responsibility to educate themselves about healthy choices
community - changing community expectations, sca and cse (e.g. Australian Indigenous Doctors Association and Aboriginal Medical Services)
government - health promotion, funding to manage diseases that affect ATSI

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9
Q
  • people with disabilities
A

NDIS

nature - 10x more likely to rate their health as poor

extent - increasing due to ageing population

socioeconomic - specialised teachers, impacts lifestyle and thus, income and employment

services

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10
Q

high levels of preventable chronic disease, injury and mental health problems

A
  • CVD
  • cancer
  • diabetes
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11
Q
  • CVD
A

nature - affects heart blood vessels

extent - 2nd highest disease burden and decreasing prevalence

factors - lifestyle (e.g. smoking, alcohol, diet, diabetes etc) and family history

groups - elderly, low ses

types: stroke, aneurysm, arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular disease

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12
Q
  • cancer
A

nature - uncontrolled growth

extent - leading cause of disease burden with increased incidence

factors - exposure to carcinogens, family history etc

groups - occupation, females

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13
Q
  • diabetes
A

nature - 1, 2 and gestational

extent - growing

risk - overweight, had gestational

groups - family history, atsi

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14
Q

a growing and ageing population

A
  • healthy ageing
  • increased population living with chronic disease and disability
  • demand for health services and workforce shortages

availability of carers and volunteers

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15
Q
  • healthy ageing
A

improve independency of older people

reduce burden on health care system (skills can be used for longer)

improved quality of life

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16
Q
  • increased population living with chronic disease and disability
A

increased pressure for health care system

positive lifestyle choices for younger people to reduce prevalence of conditions

17
Q
  • demand for health services and workforce shortages
A

increasing prevalence = more pressure on health services

aim to increase independence of individuals

promote and support healthy ageing

sustainable accessible and high quality care

18
Q
  • availability of carers and volunteers
A

workforce is made up of volunteers and carers

decreasing number

19
Q

health care in australia

A
  • range and type of facilities/services
  • responsibility of facilities/services
  • equity of access to facilities/services
  • health care expenditure vs. expenditures on early intervention and prevention
  • impact of emerging technology and new treatments
  • health insurance
20
Q
  • range and type
A

hospitals (public = state, private = individuals/groups, nursing homes)

primary care and community heath services (gp, allied health)

public health (prevention and health promotion)

institutional (facilities you can stay at like hospitals) vs non-institutional (gp, dentist etc.)

21
Q
  • responsibilities
A

federal (medicare and national policies)

state (public hospitals and health facilities)

local (environmental control etc)

private (more variety, allied heath)

community groups (promote health, specific to the community)

22
Q
  • equity of access to health facilities and services
A

medicare safety net

rural and remote (reduce health inequities)

language support (removes language barrier)

23
Q
  • health care expenditure
A

preventative services (health promotion initiatives to decrease measures of epidemiology)

early intervention (increases survival rates and likelihood of recovery)

strategies for the future (increased of resources for aged care)

24
Q
  • impact of emerging technologies and new treatments
A

improve early detection and treatment

25
Q
  • health insurance
A

medicare (1984 to reduce cost barrier, 1.5% if private, 2% if not and covers hospitals, gp and covers 85-100%)

private health (tailor to individuals, lifetime care incentive)

26
Q

complementary and alternative medicines

A
  • reasons for growth
  • range of products and services
  • making informed consumer choices
27
Q
  • reasons for growth
A

WHO recognition

recognition of its traditional

recognition of its effectiveness

holistic nature of CAM

more formal qualifications (endorsed by the gov)

cheaper alternatives

28
Q
  • range of products and services
A

acupuncture

aromatherapy

chiropractic

massage

meditation

29
Q
  • making informed consumer choices
A

accreditation

questions (is it good treatment, experience and qualifications etc)

30
Q

health promotion

A
  • levels of responsibility for health promotion
  • benefits of partnerships for health promotion
  • promotion of social justice
  • in action
31
Q
  • levels of responsibility
A

national (national public policy)

state (state wide issues + preventative and early detection services)

local (maintaining infrastructure, encouraging healthy lifestyles)

ngo’s (clear and specific health promotion responsibilities)

individuals (awareness surrounding health impacts)

32
Q
  • benefits of partnerships
A

shared responsibility

reinforced responsibility of other groups

ensures cost-effectiveness

33
Q
  • health promotion of social justice
A

dps

  • equity: access to education to make informed health decisions
  • diversity: cater for differences in culture
  • se: positively influence others

cse
- healthier choices with positive health outcomes

sca

  • se/equity: specific needs of the community
  • e.g. closing the GAP reduces inequity

rhs

  • move from curative to preventative (e.g. reduce inequity)
  • se: culturally sensitive things could be addressed at women only clinics

bhpp

  • funding, legislation and policies by gov
  • equity: medicare and PBS
  • diversity: laws against discrimination
  • se: school zero-tolerance policies
34
Q
  • nts
A

cse (regulation of promotion)

bhpp (regulation of sale and smoking zones)

rhs (advice from doctors)

sca (getting quitters to talk about heir experiences)

dps (education about smoking)

35
Q
  • low ses
A

nature and extent - lower life expectancy

  • 29% higher mortality
  • higher rates of CHD, CVD, smoking and cancer

sociocultural - more likely to participate in risky behaviours
- more likely to smoke (2.3x more)

socioeconomic - lower levels

  • reduced options for health care (less informed)
  • less employment options and higher levels of unemployment

environmental - higher rates of homelessness (limits access to services (e.g. centrelink) that need addresses)
- generally live in rural/remote areas

individual - good decision making (seek further education)
commmunities - provide health care and support services (e.g. Youth off the street - improve health outcomes)
government - support community programs
- affordable health care via medicare and PBS

PDHPE SYLLABUS (4 decks)

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