Core 1 Flashcards
measuring health status
- role of epidemiology
- measures of epidemiology (mortality, infant mortality, morbidity, life expectancy)
- measures of epidemiology
life expectancy
mortality
morbidity
infant mortality
identifying priority health issues
- social justice principles
- priority population groups
- potential for prevention and intervention
- prevalence of a condition
- costs to the individual and community
- social justice principles
equity
diversity
supportive environments
priority population groups
groups experiencing inequities
e.g. ATSI, people with disabilities etc.
costs to the individual and community
direct
indirect
groups experiencing health inequities
ATSI
people with disabilities
- ATSI
nature and extent - 2.3x burden than non-ATSI
- 10 year lower life expectancy
- higher mortality rates (for 35-44, it is 4x more likely)
- 3% identify as ATSI
sociocultural - acceptance of unhealthy behaviours
- higher rates of domestic violence –> mental health issues and substance abuse
- reluctance to accept western treatment due to culture
socioeconomic - lower rates of education due to geographic location
- higher rates of unemployment (high stress from this leads to risky behaviours)
environmental - live in more rural and remote regions (35% in major cities, 44% regional and 21% in remote)
- difficulty accessing health services (lower chances of treatment)
individual - responsibility to educate themselves about healthy choices
community - changing community expectations, sca and cse (e.g. Australian Indigenous Doctors Association and Aboriginal Medical Services)
government - health promotion, funding to manage diseases that affect ATSI
- people with disabilities
NDIS
nature - 10x more likely to rate their health as poor
extent - increasing due to ageing population
socioeconomic - specialised teachers, impacts lifestyle and thus, income and employment
services
high levels of preventable chronic disease, injury and mental health problems
- CVD
- cancer
- diabetes
- CVD
nature - affects heart blood vessels
extent - 2nd highest disease burden and decreasing prevalence
factors - lifestyle (e.g. smoking, alcohol, diet, diabetes etc) and family history
groups - elderly, low ses
types: stroke, aneurysm, arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular disease
- cancer
nature - uncontrolled growth
extent - leading cause of disease burden with increased incidence
factors - exposure to carcinogens, family history etc
groups - occupation, females
- diabetes
nature - 1, 2 and gestational
extent - growing
risk - overweight, had gestational
groups - family history, atsi
a growing and ageing population
- healthy ageing
- increased population living with chronic disease and disability
- demand for health services and workforce shortages
availability of carers and volunteers
- healthy ageing
improve independency of older people
reduce burden on health care system (skills can be used for longer)
improved quality of life
- increased population living with chronic disease and disability
increased pressure for health care system
positive lifestyle choices for younger people to reduce prevalence of conditions
- demand for health services and workforce shortages
increasing prevalence = more pressure on health services
aim to increase independence of individuals
promote and support healthy ageing
sustainable accessible and high quality care
- availability of carers and volunteers
workforce is made up of volunteers and carers
decreasing number
health care in australia
- range and type of facilities/services
- responsibility of facilities/services
- equity of access to facilities/services
- health care expenditure vs. expenditures on early intervention and prevention
- impact of emerging technology and new treatments
- health insurance
- range and type
hospitals (public = state, private = individuals/groups, nursing homes)
primary care and community heath services (gp, allied health)
public health (prevention and health promotion)
institutional (facilities you can stay at like hospitals) vs non-institutional (gp, dentist etc.)
- responsibilities
federal (medicare and national policies)
state (public hospitals and health facilities)
local (environmental control etc)
private (more variety, allied heath)
community groups (promote health, specific to the community)
- equity of access to health facilities and services
medicare safety net
rural and remote (reduce health inequities)
language support (removes language barrier)
- health care expenditure
preventative services (health promotion initiatives to decrease measures of epidemiology)
early intervention (increases survival rates and likelihood of recovery)
strategies for the future (increased of resources for aged care)
- impact of emerging technologies and new treatments
improve early detection and treatment
- health insurance
medicare (1984 to reduce cost barrier, 1.5% if private, 2% if not and covers hospitals, gp and covers 85-100%)
private health (tailor to individuals, lifetime care incentive)
complementary and alternative medicines
- reasons for growth
- range of products and services
- making informed consumer choices
- reasons for growth
WHO recognition
recognition of its traditional
recognition of its effectiveness
holistic nature of CAM
more formal qualifications (endorsed by the gov)
cheaper alternatives
- range of products and services
acupuncture
aromatherapy
chiropractic
massage
meditation
- making informed consumer choices
accreditation
questions (is it good treatment, experience and qualifications etc)
health promotion
- levels of responsibility for health promotion
- benefits of partnerships for health promotion
- promotion of social justice
- in action
- levels of responsibility
national (national public policy)
state (state wide issues + preventative and early detection services)
local (maintaining infrastructure, encouraging healthy lifestyles)
ngo’s (clear and specific health promotion responsibilities)
individuals (awareness surrounding health impacts)
- benefits of partnerships
shared responsibility
reinforced responsibility of other groups
ensures cost-effectiveness
- health promotion of social justice
dps
- equity: access to education to make informed health decisions
- diversity: cater for differences in culture
- se: positively influence others
cse
- healthier choices with positive health outcomes
sca
- se/equity: specific needs of the community
- e.g. closing the GAP reduces inequity
rhs
- move from curative to preventative (e.g. reduce inequity)
- se: culturally sensitive things could be addressed at women only clinics
bhpp
- funding, legislation and policies by gov
- equity: medicare and PBS
- diversity: laws against discrimination
- se: school zero-tolerance policies
- nts
cse (regulation of promotion)
bhpp (regulation of sale and smoking zones)
rhs (advice from doctors)
sca (getting quitters to talk about heir experiences)
dps (education about smoking)
- low ses
nature and extent - lower life expectancy
- 29% higher mortality
- higher rates of CHD, CVD, smoking and cancer
sociocultural - more likely to participate in risky behaviours
- more likely to smoke (2.3x more)
socioeconomic - lower levels
- reduced options for health care (less informed)
- less employment options and higher levels of unemployment
environmental - higher rates of homelessness (limits access to services (e.g. centrelink) that need addresses)
- generally live in rural/remote areas
individual - good decision making (seek further education)
commmunities - provide health care and support services (e.g. Youth off the street - improve health outcomes)
government - support community programs
- affordable health care via medicare and PBS
