CoQ10 and Omegas Flashcards
How many isoprene units are there in CoQ10?
4 C + a methyl branch
Functional group of CoQ10?
quinone ring
What is the oxidized and reduced form of CoQ10?
oxidized: ubiquinone
reduced: ubiquinol –> majority
Increase in serum CoQ10 requires supp with?
100 mg/day
What is strongly lipophilic and mostly insoluble?
CoQ10
How is CoQ10 absorbed in SI?
slowly/incompletely using soluble passive diffusion
- absorption rate = 6 %
Conversion of ubiquinone –> ubiquinol occurs in?
enterocytes prior to lymphatic transport
What are the 3 enzymes that keep CoQ10 reduced?
- NADH cytochrome reductase
- NADH/PH oxidoreductase
- NADPH CoQ reductase
CoQ10 in the liver is packaged into?
VLDL’s
In plasma CoQ10 is carried by?
LDL’s
What formulations of CoQ10 are more bioavailable?
oil based solubilized (vs powder)
High dose of what vit interferes with CoQ10 absorption?
vitamin E
Does exogenous CoQ10 down-reg endogenous synthesis?
NO
Tissues synthesize CoQ10 from?
farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) and tyrosine
FPP is the precursor of?
DPP (decarprenyl prophosphate)
Trysoine is the precursor of?
4-hydroxybenoate
What is the fundamental building block of CoQ10?
mevalonate
What are the essential cofactors for CoQ10?
vitamin B6, iron, and magnesium
A missense mutation of the Coq2p gene causes a deficiency in what?
CoQ10
What type of cells hold the highest CoQ10 concentrations?
highly metabolically active (cardiac, skeletal m., kidney, liver)
50% of the body’s CoQ10 is localized where?
inner mitochondrial membrane
What is the primary rolls of CoQ10?
- normal cellular respiration and ATP production
- intercellular antioxidant
What is CoQ10’s co-antioxidant?
vit E
What regenerates the CoQ10 radical?
dhydrolipoic acid (DHLA) and thioredoxin reductase
CoQ10 intake can spare what vitamin?
vit E
What molecule functions as a potent gene regulator?
CoQ10
What molecules can be conjugated with glucoronide?
CoQ10
Why do CoQ10 levels decrease with age?
- higher oxidative stress which uses more CoQ10
2. reduced enzymatic function
What organ is most susceptible to a CoQ10 deficiency?
heart
What molecules acts at the mitochondrial level to improve heart function and protect against LDL oxidation?
CoQ10
How does CoQ10 reduce BP?
quench free radicals that damage vasodilators such as nitric oxide
Both cholesterol and CoQ10 synthesis depend on what enzyme?
HMG-CoA reductase
What can block HMG-CoA reductase and lead to decreased CoQ10?
statins
What is the most serious statin-induced myopathy?
rhabdomyolysis
Supplementing with which molecule is recommended to prevent myopathic side effects from statin drugs?
CoQ10
What are the 3 forms of omega-3 fatty acids?
ALA, EPA, DHA
What are the conditionally essential fatty acids?
EPA and DHA