Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

IM Pulmo > COPD > Flashcards

COPD Flashcards

1
Q

What is the global rank of COPD as a cause of death?

A

3rd cause of death worldwide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the persistent symptoms of COPD?

A

Respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation that is not fully reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What test is used to determine chronic airflow obstruction in COPD?

A

Spirometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most common environmental factor leading to COPD?

A

Cigarette smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What characterizes emphysema in COPD?

A

Destruction of lung alveoli with air space enlargement distal to terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is chronic bronchitis clinically defined?

A

Chronic cough and sputum production for at least 3 months per year over 2 consecutive years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the most common risk factors for COPD?

A

Tobacco smoking, air pollutants, occupational dusts, chemicals, infections, and genetic α1-antitrypsin deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What causes the chronic airflow limitation in COPD?

A

A mixture of small airways disease and parenchymal destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What inflammatory cells are triggered by chronic exposure to cigarette smoke?

A

Macrophages, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What imbalance contributes to extracellular matrix destruction in COPD?

A

Protease-antiprotease and oxidant-antioxidant imbalance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the main pathophysiologic findings in COPD?

A

Persistent reduction in FEV1, air trapping, and ventilation-perfusion mismatching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What defines centrilobular emphysema?

A

Enlarged air spaces in respiratory bronchioles, typically in the upper lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which type of emphysema is associated with α1-antitrypsin deficiency?

A

Panlobular emphysema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the hallmark symptom of COPD?

A

Dyspnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What physical finding indicates advanced COPD?

A

Barrel-shaped chest, hyperresonance on percussion, and use of accessory muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is chronic bronchitis distinct from emphysema in terms of symptoms?

A

Chronic bronchitis involves a productive cough and cyanosis, while emphysema involves minimal cough and cachexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the GOLD criterion for severe COPD?

A

FEV1 between 30% and 50% of predicted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What questionnaire is used to assess the severity of dyspnea in COPD?

A

Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Questionnaire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the primary basis for the Refined ABCD Assessment?

A

Respiratory symptoms and exacerbation history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the first step in managing COPD?

A

Smoking cessation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What combination therapy is preferred for managing mild exacerbations in COPD?

A

LAMA + LABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What surgical option is available for patients with non-functional lung tissue in COPD?

A

Lung volume reduction surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What non-pharmacological therapy improves exercise tolerance in COPD?

A

Pulmonary rehabilitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why do not all smokers develop COPD?

A

Favorable DNA mutations and larger airway-to-lung size ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the key imaging findings in emphysema?
Flattened hemidiaphragms, hyperlucent airways, and bullae on CT scan
26
What type of emphysema spares central areas and is distributed along pleural margins?
Paraseptal emphysema
27
What is the role of α1AT augmentation therapy in COPD?
Used for patients with α1-antitrypsin deficiency
28
What environmental factors besides smoking contribute to COPD?
Air pollutants and occupational exposures
29
What genetic deficiency increases the risk of early-onset COPD?
α1-antitrypsin deficiency
30
What is the primary mechanism by which cigarette smoke damages the lungs?
Triggers inflammatory and immune cell recruitment
31
Which type of inflammation is central to COPD pathogenesis?
Chronic inflammation leading to structural changes
32
How does small airway disease manifest in COPD?
Narrowed and reduced small bronchioles
33
What cellular imbalance leads to emphysema?
Protease-antiprotease imbalance
34
What type of metaplasia is observed in large airways of COPD patients?
Squamous metaplasia
35
Which lung cells are increased but have reduced phagocytic capacity in COPD?
Macrophages
36
What causes the hyperinflation observed in COPD?
Air trapping due to expiratory outflow obstruction
37
What is the typical appearance of lungs in emphysema on gross examination?
Enlarged air spaces with destruction of alveolar walls
38
What histopathologic feature differentiates emphysema from chronic bronchitis?
Destruction of alveolar walls in emphysema
39
What differentiates pink puffers from blue bloaters in COPD?
Pink puffers have minimal cough and cachexia; blue bloaters have chronic cough and cyanosis
40
At what FEV1 level does PaCO2 elevation become expected in COPD?
FEV1 <25% of predicted
41
What is the clinical significance of the RV/TLC ratio in COPD?
Indicates air trapping and hyperinflation
42
Why is pulmonary rehabilitation important in COPD?
Improves exercise tolerance and well-being
43
What role does roflumilast play in COPD management?
PDE-4 inhibitor with anti-inflammatory properties
44
How does long-term oxygen therapy benefit COPD patients?
Prevents pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale in hypoxemic patients
45
What is the purpose of intrabronchial valves in COPD treatment?
Deflate hyperinflated lung segments to reduce lung volume
46
What imaging findings are pathognomonic for emphysema?
Bullae and hyperlucent airways
47
What does ventilation-perfusion mismatch lead to in COPD?
Gas exchange abnormalities
48
Which COPD patients are candidates for lung transplantation?
Advanced disease with severe functional impairment
49
What findings on physical exam suggest advanced COPD?
Cachexia, bitemporal wasting, and barrel chest
50
What cytokines are involved in COPD-related inflammation?
TNF-α and IL-8
51
What is the impact of elastin destruction in COPD?
Airspace enlargement and emphysema formation
52
Why are COPD patients prone to respiratory infections?
Impaired mucociliary clearance and inflammation
53
How does the CAT assessment differ from mMRC?
CAT quantifies COPD impact; mMRC focuses on dyspnea severity
54
What structural changes occur in small airways of COPD patients?
Goblet cell metaplasia, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and luminal narrowing
55
What is the clinical utility of the GOLD criteria?
Defines airflow obstruction severity based on spirometry
56
Which type of emphysema is focal and often seen in smokers?
Centrilobular emphysema
57
What systemic effect is associated with COPD cachexia?
Hypercatabolic state due to elevated inflammatory cytokines
58
Why is spirometry critical in COPD diagnosis?
Confirms airflow limitation and assesses severity
59
What is the significance of Hoover's sign in COPD?
Paradoxical inward movement of the rib cage during inspiration
60
What interventions help reduce COPD exacerbations?
Smoking cessation, vaccines, and pharmacotherapy like LAMA/LABA
61
What is the role of PDE-4 inhibitors in COPD?
Reduce inflammation and exacerbations in severe COPD patients
62
How do proteases contribute to COPD?
Destroy extracellular matrix and alveolar walls
63
What imaging technique is best for detecting bullae in COPD?
CT scan

IM Pulmo (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions