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Biology > Coordination - The Eye and Ear > Flashcards

Coordination - The Eye and Ear Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in the environment of an organism that produces a response

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2
Q

The sequence of events in the coordination system:

A

Stimulus ➡ receptor ➡ CNS ➡ effector ➡ response

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3
Q

The function of receptors:

A

To detect a stimulus by changing the energy they receive into electrical energy in nerve impulses

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4
Q

A nerve cell is called _______

A

Neurone

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5
Q

How are impulses that travel along the nerve cell caused?

A

Due to the movement of ions in and out of the neurone

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6
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

Where is the cell body of the sensory neurone located?

A

Outside the CNS

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8
Q

Where is the cell body of the muscle neurone located?

A

Inside the CNS

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9
Q

What is a myelin sheath?

A

Covering made up of lipids (fatty material called myelin) by membranes of specialised cells that surround an axon as it develops

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10
Q

What is its function?

A

It insulates the axon and prevents short circuits with other axons

Speeds up the conduction of the impulses

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11
Q

Pathway in synapses (integrating info. in CNS):

A

Pre-synaptic neurone ➡ electrical impulses ➡ neurotransmitters (vesicles) ➡ diffuse ➡ receptors (membranes) ➡ post-synaptic neurone ➡ generate impulses ➡ broken down by enzymes

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12
Q

What are reflex actions?

A

A reflex action is a rapid and involuntary (not started by impulses from the brain) response to a stimulus

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13
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

Nerve pathway of a reflex action

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14
Q

Pathway for a reflex action:

A

Receptors ➡ sensory neurones ➡ dorsal root ➡ synapse ➡ relay neurone ➡ motor neurone ➡ ventral root ➡ effector

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15
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurones located in a reflex pathway?

A

Swelling in the spinal nerve called the dorsal root ganglion

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16
Q

Location of grey matter:

A

The tissue in the middle of the spinal cord and outer part of the brain

Consists of mainly nerve cell bodies

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17
Q

Location of white matter:

A

The tissue in the middle of the brain and outer part of the spinal cord

Consists of mainly nerve cell axons

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18
Q

Receptors and effectors for the knee-jerk reflex (acts in situations where the knee joint is unexpectedly flexed eg. helping you to stop from tripping or falling over):

A

Receptors: stretch receptors in the tendons below the knee

Effectors: thigh muscles (contract)

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19
Q

The largest part of the brain?

Evaluate it

A

Cerebrum: 2 cerebral hemispheres

: cerebral cortex

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20
Q

Functions of the cerebrum:

A
  • Contains sensory areas
  • Motor areas
  • Higher activities: memory, emotions, personality
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21
Q

Other parts of the brain (not cerebrum):

A

Cerebellum
Medulla (cardiac and respiratory center)
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland

Meninges

22
Q

The functions of the cerebellum:

A
  • Coordinating the contraction of sets of muscles

- Maintaining balance

23
Q

Oval window

A

Membrane covered opening leading from the middle ear to the cochlea in the inner ear

24
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Connecting the ear to the throat so that air pressure on both sides of the eardrum is equalised

25
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Located in a membrane between the middle and outer canals

Receptor cells have sensory hair cells embedded in the second membrane

26
Q

How is the frequency of sound determined?

A

By seeing which hair cells have been stimulated: Those near the oval window are sensitive to higher frequencies

27
Q

How is the loudness of sound determined?

A

By the amplitude of vibrations of the hair cells: Loud sounds produce high amplitude vibrations which result in more nerve impulses per second in the sensory neurones

28
Q

Parts of the ear involved in its functioning as an organ of balance:

A

Detecting movement
Semicircular canals
Ampulla
Cupula (embedded hair cells)

Position of the head
Utriculus
Sacculus
Otolith (CaCO₃ crystals)

29
Q

Damage to the ear:

A

NIHL (damage to hair cells)
Eardrum rupture/ Ossicles damages
Tinnitus

30
Q

Choroid

A

Contains blood vessels and pigment cells that prevent light from being reflected inside the eye

31
Q

Rods and cones

A

Rods: dim light and cannot differentiate between colors

(3) Cones: bright light and can detect different colors of light

32
Q

Place in the centre of the retina that has the highest concentration of cones

A

Fovea

33
Q

Where is light refracted?

A

At the cornea and the lens

34
Q

Where is the image produced?

A

An inverted image on the retina

35
Q

Purpose of iris-pupil reflex:

A

To ensure that light is falling on the retina at the right intensity

36
Q

Detail the response of the iris-pupil reflex

A

Bright: Circular Contract

: Radial Relax

37
Q

What is the blind spot?

A

An area on the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye. It contains no rods/cones so no image is formed

38
Q

Why is the blind spot not a problem?

A

Our brain pieces together the image from both the eyes so the blind spots are canceled.

The optic nerve leaves the eye at the edge of the retina where the vision is not sharp anyway

39
Q

Advantages of having two eyes:

A
  • Cancelling of the blind spot
  • A wider field of view
  • Stereoscopic vision
40
Q

Advantages of stereoscopic vision:

A

Judge distance
depth
speed

41
Q

Define accommodation:

A

Changes taking place in the eye which allow it to focus on objects at different distances

42
Q

What is the lens made up of?

A

Cells containing an elastic crystalline protein

43
Q

Relate the size of the lens to its refractive index

A

A fatter lens will refract light more

44
Q

What holds the lens in place?

A

Suspensory ligament (fibres)

Ciliary muscles (rings of muscles)

45
Q

Changes in the lens to focus on distant object:

A

Lens has to be flat (less convex): Ciliary muscles relax
: Pressure pushes outwards on the lens
: Stretching ligaments

46
Q

Where does light fall due to long-sightedness?

A

Behind the retina

47
Q

Where does light fall due to near-sightedness?

A

In front of the retina

48
Q

Cause of long sight:

A

Lens not convex enough or eyeball too short

corrected by convex lens to converge light b4 it enters the eye

49
Q

Detail regular astigmatism

A

The surface of the cornea or lens is rounder in one direction

Vision will be focused in one direction and no the other

50
Q

Detail irregular astigmatism

A

The curvature of the surface of the cornea /lens is uneven in more than one direction

51
Q

Cataracts

A

The lens becomes cloudy and opaque

Biology (12 decks)

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