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Coordination Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of neurones

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2
Q

What does a motor neurone have?

A

Dentrides
Cell body
Axon
Nucleus
Nerve endings
Myelin sheaths

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3
Q

What is the role of the myelin sheath?

A

Speeds up the electrical impulse

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4
Q

What does a sensory neurone contain?

A

Receptor cell
Axon
Cell body
Myelin sheath

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5
Q

What does a relay neurone contain?

A

Dentrides
Cell body
Axon

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6
Q

What is the order of a coordinated response?

A

Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neurone
CNS/Brain
Motor neurone
Effector
Response

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7
Q

What is a reflex?

A

An involuntary action
Much faster than a coordinated response

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8
Q

What is the reflex pathway?

A

Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neurone
Relay neurone
Motor neurone
Effector
Response

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9
Q

What do the vesicles contain?

A

Neurotransmitters

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10
Q

What is the presynaptic membrane?

A

The ending of a synapse before it diffuses across

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11
Q

What are the two types of membrane in a synapse?

A

Presynaptic membrane
Post synaptic membrane

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12
Q

How do neurotransmitters pass across the synaptic cleft?

A

Diffusion
They then bind to the receptor

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13
Q

How does an electrical impulse travel?

A

Along the axon
Triggers the nerve ending of a neurone to release neurotransmitters
They diffuse across the synapse and bind with the receptor molecules
This triggers an impulse which travels along the neurone

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14
Q

How do drugs (like paracetamol) work?

A

They block the receptors

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15
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

Contains photo receptors

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16
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

Carries impulses between the retina and the brain

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17
Q

What is the function of the sclera?

A

Protects the eye from injury

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18
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

Helps focus light onto the retina

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19
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Muscle that controls the size of the pupil

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20
Q

What happens in the eye in bright light?

A

Radial muscles relax
Circular muscles contract

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21
Q

What happens to the eye in dim light?

A

Radial muscles contract
Circular muscles relax

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22
Q

What happens to the eye with a close object?

A

Ciliary muscles contract
Suspensory ligaments slacken
Lens is thick and rounder
Lots of refraction

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23
Q

What happens to the eye with a far away object?

A

Ciliary muscle relaxes
Suspensory ligaments tighten
Lens is thinner and less round
Little refraction

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24
Q

What is the function of the pupil?

A

A gap that controls the amount of light entering the eye

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25
What is the function of the Suspensory ligaments?
Attach lens and ciliary muscles togehter
26
What is the function of the blind spot?
Has no photo receptors
27
What is the function of the vitreous humour?
Refracts light and keeps the shape of the eye
28
What happens when someone is short sighted?
Light focused short of the retina
29
What happens when someone is long sighted?
Light is long of the retina
30
What does a diverging lens do and who is it for?
Refracts light outwards Short sighted
31
What does a converging lens do and who is it for?
Refracts light in Long sighted
32
What is a hormone?
A chemical messenger from a gland to target a cell via the bloodstream
33
What does insulin do?
Decreases blood glucose
34
Where is insulin released from?
Pancreas
35
What does ADH do?
Controls water levels in the body
36
Where is ADH released from?
pituitary gland
37
Where is aderenaline released from?
Adrenal gland
38
What is the purpose of adrenaline?
Increases heart rate
39
What is the endocrine system like?
Slow Travels via bloodstream Chemical messenger Long lasting response Effects widespread
40
What is the nervous system like?
Fast Travels via neurones Electrical impulse Short lasting response Effects less widespread
41
What does ADH do?
Goes to the collecting duct Makes it more permeable So there is more reabsorption of water into the blood So urine becomes more concentrated
42
What detects blood water levels?
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
43
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining a constant internal environment
44
How does homeostasis of glucose work when there is too much?
Pancreas detects high levels Insulin is released Glucose turns into glycogen
45
How does homeostasis of glucose work when there is a low level of glucose?
Pancreas detects low levels Insulin is stopped Glucagon is released Glycogen is turned into glucose
46
What does homeostasis rely on?
Negative feedback
47
What are the two types of diabetes?
Type 1 (no insulin) Type 2 (insulin is faulty)
48
What is type 1 diabetes generally caused by?
Genetics
49
What is type 2 diabetes generally caused by?
Overweight and poor diet
50
What is the role of skin?
Barrier Thermoregulation Extraction Protection
51
What is thermoregulation?
Maintenance of internal body temperature
52
How does sweating cool us down?
The sweat evaporates off the surface of the skin and takes the heat energy away with it
53
How do the arterioles control body temperature?
Vasoconstriction Vasodilation
54
How does hair control body temperatures?
Hair stands up Air is trapped and acts like an insulator
55
How do we generate heat?
Via shivering This requires atp By respiration So heart is made
56
What is a tropism?
The growth movement of a plant in response to a directional stimulus
57
Where is auxin found?
They are found in the tips of shoots and roots
58
How does auxin work?
Auxin is made at the tip It diffuses away from the tip Sunlight destroys auxin So there is more on the shady side of the shoot So more elongation occurs So the shoot bends towards the sunlight
59
What is positive phototropism?
Shoot grows towards light
60
What is negative phototropism?
Roots grow away from light
61
What is positive geotropism?
Growth towards gravity - roots
62
What is negative geotropism?
Growth away from gravity - shoots
63
What does auxin do in shoots?
Simulates cell growth
64
What does auxin do in roots?
Inhibits cell growth

Biology (7 decks)

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