COORD TRADES Flashcards
FORMULA
ILLUMINATION
E = F/A
E - illumination
F - flux
A - Area
PLUMBING
PSI TO MOVE WATER
1 PSI = 2.31 feet of water
GALLONS PER CUBIC FOOT
1 cubic foot = 7.5 gallons
TYP PSI AND GALLONS
FOR COMMON FIXTURES
TOILET – 25 PSI – 3-5 gal/flush
SHOWER – 12 PSI – 3 gal/min.
BATHTUB FAUCET – 5 PSI – 4 gal/min.
HAND WASHING – 8 PSI – 2.5 gal/min.
WASHING MACHINE – 8 PSI – 40 gal/load
DISHWASHER – 8 PSI – 15 gal/load
INCANDESCENT LIGHTS
//INCANDESCENT//
PRO:
- uses a filament
- dimmable, amount of energy correlates to brightness
- fast to light up
- cheap to make and wide range of options
CON:
- hot toaster, most of the time you don’t want this
- low efficiency, 15-20 lumens per watt
- shorter life: ~2,000 hours
- bulb types: A (classic), G, PAR, C (candle shape)
- sizing in eighths
- -A29 for example is 29/8”
LIGHTING TYPE
FLUORESCENT
//FLOURESCENT//
Glass tube with electrical connection at the ends (through ballasts) and creates an arc between the two points. The mercury inside the tube gets excited from arc and excites phosphors on glass tube which gives off light. Different phosphors alter the color index
PRO:
- efficient, almost more so than LEDs but LEDs last longer, 10,000 hours
- light spread better with a tube, less glare issue
- 60-80 lumens per watt
CON:
- slow to turn on
- not great in cold weather, less efficient
- toxic mercury inside, need to be recycled in particular way
- probably phasing out 5-15 years
LIGHTING TYPE
HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE [HID]
HID
tubes but squatter than fluorescent. Also uses phosphors and metal hallides to create light. Often used as street lamps or stadium lighting.
PRO:
- really bright (too bright for practical indoor use)
- efficient, 80 lumens per watt
- High Pressure Sodium lamp can have 110 luemns/watt and las 30,000 hours
CONS:
- really slow to turn on 1-2 min sometimes
- requires careful handling with gloves (oils from hand can burst glass)
- poor color rendering
LIGHTING TYPE:
CFLs
COMPACT FLOURESCENT LIGHT
a compact version of a tube fluorescent light
LIGHTING TYPE:
LED
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE [LED]
Tiny diode system with an anode and cathode. Can be as small as a mm. Can bring light source directly up to surface needing illumination and save energy.
PRO:
- can create a good range of color but not the best range
- very fast and very efficient
CON:
- while good color rendering still limited
- little bit of heat build up and less efficient when heat builds up - can design ways to dissapate heat
PIPING MATERIALS
COPPER:
- often used for supply pipes
- BIOSTATIC, prevents organic growth
CAST IRON:
- typ for waste pipes, common in older buildings
- deadens sound well
PVS:
- waste pipe
- very cheap, common for individual home not so much for larger projects
- doesn’t deaden sound as well
- can melt in a fire and release toxic gases
GLASS
-labs can use glass to be able to observe mixing of chemicals
GALVANIZED
-not common as it doens’t last as far as 50 years
REQ AIR CHANGE RATES TYP OCCUPANCIES
AUDITORIUM -- 8-15 ACH BARS/CLUBS -- 20-30 ACH CHURCHES -- 8-15 ACH CLASSROOMS -- 4-12 ACH COMPUTER ROOMS -- 15-20 ACH RESTAURANTS -- 8-10 ACH RETAIL STORE -- 6-10 ACH SHOPS, WD WORKING -- 5 ACH WAREHOUSES -- 2 ACH
AIR BARRIER
membrane that controls air leakages into and out of the building envelope
VAPOR DIFFUSION/RETARDER
material that reduces the rate at which water vapor can move through a material.
PERM
unit of permeability for a given material, expressing the resistance fo the material to the penetration of moisture.
CLASS I (less than 1 perm): Glass, sheet mtl, polyethylene sheet, rubber membrane
CLASS II (1-10 perms): unfaced expanded plystyrene, 30lb asphalt coated paper, plywd, bitumen coated kraft paper
CLASS III (10+): gyp board, fiberglass insulation, cellulose, board lumber, conc block, brick, 15lb asphalt paper, house wrap
REVERBERATION TIME FORMULA
T = 0.05 x V/A
T – reverberation time in seconds
V – volume of space in cubic feet
A –Total sound absorption of a room in sabins
TOTAL SOUND ABSORBTION OF A ROOM FORMULA
A = (sum of absorbtion material used in space)
(wall1: (Exposed surface area)*(sound absorption coefficient)) + wall2…
TYP ELEC UTILITY POWERS
120, 1 phase, 2 wires
120/240 1 phase, 3 wires
Residential, small bldgs w/ load less than 80A
240 1 phase, 3 wires
Commercial
120/240, 3 phase, 4 wires
typ older bldgs
480 3 phase, 3 wire
Commercial
208, 3 phase, 3 wire
120/208 3 phase, 4 wires
larger bldgs with greater variety of loads
277/480, 3 phase, 4 wires
larger bldgs, smaller feeders, conduit sizes, switch gears that lower voltage
2400/4160, 3 phase, 4 wire
huge commercial bldgs and factories
ELECTRICITY FLOW as WATER METAPHOR
&
OHM’S LAW
VOLTAGE (volts, V) – pressure (psi)
CURRENT (amps, I) – flow (gal/min)
RESISTANCE (ohms, R) – resistance to flow (inches per feet)
100 WATTS = 120 VOLTS = .833 AMPS
1 AMP = 120 WATTS
OHMS LAW:
V = IR
ESTIMATING ELECTRICAL LOADS
LIGHT – low: 2 watts/sf – typ: 3 – high: 5
OUTLETS – low: 1 watt/sf – typ: 2 watts/sf – high: 3
HVAC – low: 4 watts/sf – type: 5.5/sf – high: 7 watts/sf
ILLUMINATION (E) FORMULA
AKA ZONAL CAVITY METHOD:
E = ((# of fixtures) * (# lamps/fixture) * (lumens per lamp)*(coefficient of utilization) * (light loss factor)) / area in sq ft.
FOOTCANDLES
LUMENS / AREA IN SQ FT
TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LIGHT
PRO:
- longer life
- low lumen deprecation of the life of bulb
- more uniform light color
- whiter light than incandescent
- dimmable
CON:
-much hotter than incandescent bulbs
TYP SOUND REVERBERATION TIMES ACCEPTABLE
OFFICE -- 0.3 - 0.6 sec BROADCAST STUDIO -- 0.4 - 0.6 sec ELM CLASSRM -- 0.6 - 0.8 sec LECTURE/CONF RM -- 0.9 - 1.1 sec SMALL THEATER -- 0.9 - 1.4 sec CHURCHES -- 1.4 - 3.4 sec AUDITORIUMS for SPEECH/MUSIC -- 1.5 - 1.8 sec OPERA HALLS -- 1.5 - 1.8 sec SYMPHIC CONCERT HALL -- 1.6 - 2.1 sec
HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR
- used for low rise, 5 story or about 50’
- speed varies: 25-150 ft/min
- doesnt req penthouse
- costs less than electric elevators
-Holeless Hydraulic: uses telescoping plunger set into shaft next to cab so it doesn’t need to be set in ground. Lifts cab from top.
ELECTRIC (TRACTION) ELEVATOR
- commercial and bldgs greater than 5 stories
- speeds up to 1,800 ft/min
- GEARLESS: motor, sheave, and break all mounted on common shaft, so 1 revolution of motor means one turn of the main sheave typ for passanger service
- GEARED: motor and break on one shaft which drives a second main shaft, used for high speed installation
FREIGHT ELEVATORS
- 20,000 lbs, more is spec engineered
- 50-200 ft/min
A: general freight B: motor vehicle C1: industrial truck loading C2: no industrial truck loading C3: concetrated load for truck not carried
