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Evolutionary Psychology > Cooperative Alliances > Flashcards

Cooperative Alliances Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of Theory of Reciprocal Altruism

A

Adaptation to provide benefits to non-kin can evolve as long as altruistic investment can be returned or reciprocated at some point in the future

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2
Q

What is Contingent Reciprocity?

A

Tit-for-Tat; Nature of altruism towards non-kin that natural selection favors

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3
Q

What is Indirect Reciprocity?

A

Altruists indirectly benefit from acts of altruism to strangers from their good reputations

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4
Q

What does Indirect Reciprocity explain?

A
  1. Why do we help strangers without expectations of returns
  2. More helpful and generous when others are watching
  3. Helpful people are most likely to receive help from others in the same social group
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5
Q

What is the Social Contract Theory?

A

Reciprocal altruism can only evolve if cooperators possess evolved psychological mechanisms to detect fellow cooperators to form social contracts and avoid cheaters

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6
Q

5 different cognitive capacities that we evolved to counter cheaters

A
  1. The ability to recognize different individual humans
  2. The ability to remember the histories of interactions with different individuals
  3. The ability to communicate one’s values
  4. The ability to model the values of others
  5. The ability to represent costs and benefits
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7
Q

Cheaters are better remembered when they are…

A

of lower social status

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8
Q

Cheaters are remembered even if…

A
  1. Rare in the population
  2. No knowledge of cheating actually occurred
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9
Q

What are the 3 research gaps regarding cheaters?

A
  1. What exactly are the inputs and outputs of the cheater-detection mechanism?
  2. What are the contexts and individual/sex differences that alter sensitivity and response?
  3. Are there sex differences in infidelity or friendship betrayal?
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10
Q

Characteristics of identifying potential altruists

A
  1. Those who display genuine smiles (Duchenne smile)
  2. People also tend to cooperate more with healthy-looking individuals
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11
Q

What are the adaptive responses when facing cheaters?

A
  1. Avoid social exchange by outputting disgust
  2. Demand cheaters to reciprocate (Recalibration via anger)
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12
Q

Why is Recalibration via anger important?

A

Working with cheaters is inevitable as there are a limited number of social partners

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13
Q

What decides whether an individual can demand value recalibration?

A

Depends on their ability to…
1. Inflict cost on cheaters
2. Provide greater benefits than initially valued

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14
Q

What is Costly Signalling Theory?

A

People signal desirable characteristics as a means to advertise qualities

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15
Q

Characteristics of Costly Signals

A
  1. They are honest signals as low quality signalers will exhaust whatever resources they have
  2. High quality signalers can afford the cost of signal as long as the benefits outweigh the cost
  3. Costly altruism signals a person’s resource holding potential
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16
Q

Friendship adaptations must allow people to evaluate….

A
  1. Whether a person will be willing to repay in the future
  2. Whether the person will be able to repay in the future
  3. Is he the best object to invest altruism/friendship?
17
Q

What is the Banker’s Paradox?

A
  1. Humans cannot afford to help others who cannot repay the favor
  2. People who need help are least likely to be able to return the favor
18
Q

Elements of an Irreplaceable Friend

A
  1. Promote a reputation that highlights one’s unique or exceptional attributes
  2. Be motivated to recognize prized personal attributes
  3. Cultivate specialized skills
  4. Seek out groups that value what you can offer
  5. Avoid groups that does not value what you can offer
  6. Drive off rival who offer similar benefits to you
19
Q

What is a Fair-Weather Friend?

A

Friends who leech investment during good times and fail to reciprocate during bad times

20
Q

5 different inputs for Evolved Psychological Mechanism for Friendship

A
  1. Number of friendship niche already filled
  2. Positive externalities
  3. Proclivity for empathy and mind-reading
  4. Personal irreplaceability
  5. Common goals
21
Q

Decision-Rule for the number of friendship niche already filled

A

IF number of friends is low, THEN make new friends

22
Q

Decision-Rule for the positive externalities

A

IF the person provides benefits, THEN befriend the person

23
Q

Decision-Rule for the proclivity for empathy

A

IF the person is understanding, THEN befriend the person

24
Q

Decision-Rule for the personal irreplaceability

A

IF the person is irreplicable to you, THEN provide expected value to person

25
Q

Decision-Rule for the common goal

A

IF the person shares the same goal, THEN cooperate for common outcome

26
Q

Benefits & costs for All Types of Friendship

A

Benefit
-> Mutually increased survival and reproductive odds

Cost
-> Social competition

27
Q

Benefits & costs for Opposite Sex Friendship

A

Benefit
-> Men may befriend women for potential sexual access
-> Women may befriend men for protection from other men
-> Information-sharing about the opposite sex to facilitate attraction of mates

Cost
-> Sexual conflict

28
Q

Benefits & costs for Same Sex Friendship

A

Benefits
-> Common goal
-> Alloparenting

Costs
-> Mate-rivalling and mate poaching

29
Q

Definition of Coalition

A

Cooperative alliance of more than two individuals for the purpose of collective action

30
Q

Definition of Defector

A

Individuals who renounce allegiance and break off from cooperation for personal benefits

31
Q

Definition of Free Riders

A

Individuals who claim shares in the reward of cooperation without contributing a fair share of work

32
Q

4 types of solutions to the problem of punishing the defectors and free riders

A
  1. Punitive sentiments
  2. Cultural adaptations
  3. Reputational benefits for cooperators and for punishers
  4. Ostracisms
33
Q

Definition of Punitive Sentiments

A

A desire to harm defectors and free-riders

34
Q

Definition of Cultural Adaptations

A

Cultural selection is a group selection process by which adaptive cultural beliefs are transmitted within the group

35
Q

Definition of Reputational Benefits for Cooperators and Punishers

A

Altruistic punishments; can evolve if…
1. Others are less likely to cheat with the possibility of punishment
2. Punishers benefit from their reputation for being trustworthy

36
Q

Definition of Ostracisms

A

Ejects free riders or those with bad reputations from group participation

Evolutionary Psychology (13 decks)

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