Cooperation

Question 1

cooperation

Answer 1

act of assistance or working together, the most complex form of social interaction

Question 2

why is evolution of cooperation challenging?

Answer 2

costly
dangerous
better to hang back
defection/cheating can invade

Question 3

what would natural selection predict would occur if an individual cheats

Answer 3

they have higher fitness than cooperators, and over time the abundance of cooperators would decrease

Question 4

cooperative breeders

Answer 4

social system where theres a dominant breeding pair and subordinate helpers. the helpers provide allocare for offspring of breeders

Question 5

mutualism

Answer 5

both benefit

Question 6

selfishness

Answer 6

actor benefits, cost to recipient

Question 7

altruism

Answer 7

recipient benefits, cost to donor

Question 8

spite

Answer 8

both suffer costs

Question 9

mutualism evolutionary rationale

Answer 9

immediate direct fitness for both

Question 10

kin selection evolution rationale

Answer 10

indirect fitness benefits

Question 11

kin selection

Answer 11

evolutionary strat or behaviour that favours the survival and reproduction of relatives

Question 12

cooperation makes sense if

Answer 12

cooperators are related
rb>c, or r>c/b

Question 13

black tail prairie dog calling

Answer 13

alarm call when around kin.

Question 14

meerkat guarding

Answer 14

one individual stands guard while others forage, but this individual is closer to shelter than foragers

Question 15

direct benefits from cooperation

Answer 15

reciprocity

increased survival (better group, pay to stay)

increased reproduction (parenting experience, social prestige, territory/mate inheritance)

Question 16

reciprocity

Answer 16

aka. reciprocal altruism

help is repaid by recipient

Question 17

direct reciprocity

Answer 17

cooperators live in group where reciprocation is common

relies on:
1. repeated encounters with individuals
2. both individuals are able to help
3. help is less costly for donor than it is beneficial for recipient

Question 18

reciprocity in vampire bats

Answer 18

regurgitated food sharing. if one night you have no meal, then you can count on being helped if you also share with others.

all conditions of direct reciprocity fulfilled

Question 19

pay to stay

Answer 19

increased survival on territories where contribution is necessary to remain there. if individual doesn’t contribute they’ll be chased out of territory

Question 20

songbird parental experience

Answer 20

1 nestling with 3 adults caring, and young birds didn’t reproduce until 3 years old.
birds with helping experience and no experience were relocated and those with no experience were terrible, those with experience did very well.

Question 21

pied kingfisher

Answer 21

primary helpers deliver as much food to young as parents do, secondary not so much.
primary helpers tend to be related and have higher fitness in year one. secondary helpers have higher fitness in year 2 and half of them breed with female they helped

Question 22

cooperation makes sense if

Answer 22

cooperators are related
cooperators live in small groups where reciprocation is common
bilateral long term interactions