Controllable Factors

Question 1

Training Errors Examples

Answer 1

• Overtraining and/or Overreaching
• Not following a plan of gradual loading
• Repeating the same activity even when fatugued
• Not preparing for the specific needs of the activity

Most training injuries occur because of training errors NOT other sourcers (wrong equipment or weather conditions)

Question 2

Stretching

Answer 2

• Many contributing factors to whether strethcing is beneficial or not, such as muscle flexibility as opposed to other causes
• Stretching has been found to reduce performance
• Prevents reductions in ROM
• Ballistic - dangerous.
• Static and Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation - best elongate tissues

Question 3

Strength Training

Answer 3

-Stronger muscles = decreased risk of injury
-Strength must be balanced (agonist/antagonist) pairs as imbalances can lead to injury
-Strength increases can improve the strength of other connective tissue
-Strength training programmes. Advantages - more power production (more resistance loading)
Disadvantages - (More fuel/ risk of injury due to overload).

Question 4

Muscle Imbalances

Answer 4

Swimmers - similar strength of lat and med rotators in the shoulder = less pain than larger imbalances
-Contralateral hamstring:quadricep imbalance >10% = increased injury risk. Due to fine balance of motor control of 2 muscle groups through fatigue.

Question 5

Movement Repetition

Answer 5

-Repeating a skill, optimises the brain’s sub-cortical centres to learn and automate the movements. Risk of overuse injury

Question 6

Fatigue

Answer 6

-Main cause of reduction in performance - body must be fatigued if improvement is to occur.
-Occurs with sustained exercise - characterised by reduction in power output + decline in performance
-3 potential failure sites.
CNS
Neural transmission from CNS to muscle
Individual muscle fibres

Question 7

Metabolic Fatigue

Answer 7

• Muscles running out of fuel - lack of glycogen
• Build up of lactate in muscles. Lactate -> affect the binding of calcium to troponin - also affecting functioning important enzymes

Question 8

Neuro-muscular fatigue

Answer 8

Decrease in performance due to CNS preventing muscular contraction by means of inhibitin nerve cell excitation
-Necessary in body to prevent muscular + nervous damage by training too hard

Question 9

Changes in MTU function

Answer 9

• Reduced performance = reduction in the effectiveness of the stretch-shortening cycle = increased muscular work
• Reduction of SSC caused by increased transition time from stretch to shortening
• Decreased leg stiffness = RecFem+BF fatigue prior to VasLat, Gastroc, TibAnt.

Question 10

What are the kinematic changes with fatigue

Answer 10

Cadence values often remain the same in endurance events even though significant reductions in pace occur after 30km. This reduction can be attributed to decreased muscle forces and consequently reduced step length.

Question 11

Overreaching vs Overtraining?

Answer 11

• Overreaching = usually considered a prolonged state of fatigue, disappears after a few days to a week. May be caused by taking part in a strenuous competition.
• Overtraining = more prolonged state of fatigue, may take weeks or months to overcome, result of lack of rest.