Acute adaptations from strength exercises - Evaluation of PAP

Question 1

What did Bishop, 2003 report about Warm-ups?

Answer 1

Different warm-ups have lead to changes in explosive performance, ranging from 5-10%.

Question 2

What is the relationship between thermic effect and performance?

Answer 2

An improvement of 1°c is equivalent to approximately 1% improvement in performance.

Question 3

How is PAP achieved?

Answer 3

Implementing a resistance exercise prior to an explosive movement has improved subsequent performance above the athletes perceived best.

Question 4

What is fatigue?

Answer 4

Fatigue is multifactorial and consists of

• depletion of fuel
• build up of metabolic by-products
• thermoregulation
• neural dampening
• reduction in muscle contractile elements

Question 5

What are the mechanisms associated with PAP?

Answer 5

• Increased sensitisation to the phosphorylation process on the myosin light chains
• Increased alpha motor neuron recruitment and a reduced reciprocal co-contraction
• decreased angle of pennation

Question 6

In terms of neural recruitment and inhibition of the Renshaw cell, how does PAP work?

Answer 6

First contraction - activates large motor units
Reduced inhibition by the Renshaw cell
Second contraction recruits more larger motor units - different muscle action

Question 7

Does the pennation angle alter?

Answer 7

Mahlfeld, Franke, Awiszus identified a significant decrease in Vastus Lateralis pennation angle of 2° after a knee extensor isometric maximal voluntary contraction. However studies which link pennation to PAP are currently inconclusive.

Question 8

Muscle Fibre type and PAP?

Answer 8

Highest responders, most significant responders to PAP had increased percentage of type two muscle fibres.

Question 9

Methods of eliciting PAP?

Answer 9

Vibration activation methods
Isometric activation methods (Electrically/Voluntary)
Dynamic Activation methods (isoinertial strength exercises/plyometric exercises)

Question 10

What are the methodological factors that are important to PAP studies?

Answer 10

• Participant characteristics
• Similarity of Activation method to the performance measure
• Activation method volume
• Activation method intensity
• Recovery duration
• Reproducibility of the performance measure
• Study design
• Initial warm-up component.

Question 11

What aspects of dynamic performance can PAP be applied to?

Answer 11

• Warm-up
• Complex training
• Methodological discrepancies

Question 12

Which strength to weight ratio for a back squat 1RM has been correlated with PAP?

Answer 12

Strength:weight ratio above 1.6

Question 13

Factors affecting strength and power which link to PAP?

Answer 13

Architecture
CSA
Pennation