CONTROL ST2

Question 1

where is the cervical enlargement on the spinal cord?

Answer 1

C3-T1. the ventral grey horn is fatter.

Question 2

where do you do a lumbar puncture?

Answer 2

between L3 and L4 usually

Question 3

where does the epidural space terminate in an adult?

Answer 3

coccyx. the filum terminal is attached.

Question 4

where do you find more white matter in the spinal cord?

Answer 4

in the cervical region

Question 5

where is the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord?

Answer 5

L2-S3. the ventral grey horn is fatter.

Question 6

where does the dorsal white matter start to be arranged into two clumps?

Answer 6

T6 and above - the gracile and cuneate tubercles form.

Question 7

what does the dorsal column turn into after decussation in the medulla

Answer 7

the medial lemniscus, which runs through the pons.

Question 8

what is a lacunar infarct?

Answer 8

a deep infarct (of brain!)

Question 9

what’s a TACI?

Answer 9

total anterior circulation infarct

Question 10

what’s a POCI

Answer 10

posterior circulation infarct

Question 11

what is BRIGHT ON CT

Answer 11

BONE

Question 12

what is BRIGHT ON MRI

Answer 12

FAT (T1 weighted) or FLUID (T2 weighted) (FAT BLOOD BRIGHT ON MRI)

Question 13

what is DARK ON CT

Answer 13

air

Question 14

what is DARK on MRI

Answer 14

fluid (T1) or fat (T2)

Question 15

what epidermal layer is missing from thin skin?

Answer 15

STRATUM LUCIDUM

Question 16

what do Merkel cells do?

Answer 16

act as mechanoreceptors

Question 17

what do Langherhans cells do?

Answer 17

help with immunology

Question 18

where does squamous cell carcinoma arise?

Answer 18

stratum spinosum / granulosum of the epidermis

Question 19

what’s the least common and most dangerous form of skin cancer?

Answer 19

melanoma, arising from the melanocytes at the basal layer

Question 20

what is a rete ridge?

Answer 20

downgrowths of the epidermis into the dermis. these occur in the papillary layer, which is above the reticular layer of the dermis.

Question 21

what are the 5 epidermal layers, deep to superficial?

Answer 21

stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

Question 22

what does a pacinian corpuscle do

Answer 22

looks like an onion, quite deep - in dermis, VERY FAST, does deep pressure, vibration, mechanical distortion

Question 23

what does a Meissner’s corpuscle do?

Answer 23

in the papillary dermis (higher up than Pacinians), FAST, does fine discriminatory touch.

Question 24

what do Ruffini endings do?

Answer 24

in dermis, SLOW, stretching and shearing

Question 25

what do free nerve endings do?

Answer 25

might be round hair follicle sheath, or at top of dermis, detect pain, itch, temperature.

Question 26

list the coverings / layers of the eye, superficial to deep

Answer 26

sclera, choroid, retina

Question 27

what is the best part of the retina

Answer 27

the fovea centralis. This is right in the middle of the macula, a circular layer on the back of retina.

Question 28

what moves the lens?

Answer 28

the ciliary muscle in the ciliary body, innervated by CNIII

Question 29

what does sympathetic innervation to the iris do?

Answer 29

dilates the eye, stimulates the dilator papillae muscle, reacts SLOWLY, muscle is arranged radially

Question 30

what does parasympathetic innervation to the iris do?

Answer 30

constricts the pupil, stimulates the sphincter papillae muscle, reacts QUICKLY, muscle is arranged circularly

Question 31

what does the ciliary body do when it’s in action

Answer 31

pulls on lens, flattens it, good for focussing further away.

Question 32

where does aqueous humour live

Answer 32

front of the eye, between iris and cornea (the bit which sticks out on the front)

Question 33

what happens to aqueous humour?

Answer 33

it goes back into the bloodstream, via the canal of Schlemm (scleral venous sinus), which is at the junction of the cornea and the iris.

Question 34

what happens if you don’t get good aqueous humour drainage?

Answer 34

GLAUCOMA. compression of retina and blood supply.