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Anatomy ST2 > Lower limb > Flashcards

Lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

3 ligaments of the hip joint

A

pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, iliofemoral. the iliofemoral is the strongest

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2
Q

which hip ligament prevents hyperextension during standing?

A

the iliofemoral, it keeps the femoral head ‘screwed in’, it’s v-shaped

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3
Q

which hip ligament prevents excessive abduction?

A

the pubofemoral

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4
Q

which hip ligament is the weakest?

A

the ischifemoral (at the back)

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5
Q

which nerve is likely to be injured by a posterior hip dislocation?

A

the sciatic nerve - the head of the femur is driven posteriorly out of the acetabulum, usually when in a sitting position (car crash?)

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6
Q

what is the risk with an anterior dislocation?

A

damage to blood vessels

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7
Q

how does an anterior dislocation look?

A

the leg is abducted, externally rotated and flexed at hip (straight leg)

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8
Q

what is DDH and why is it a problem

A

developmental dysplasia of the hip, happens in babies, poor contact between femoral head and acetabulum, joint doesn’t develop properly

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9
Q

what helps hold the femoral head in?

A

TRANSVERSE ACETABULAR LIGAMENT, labrum and ligaments

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10
Q

how does a posterior dislocation look?

A

leg looks shorter and internally rotated

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11
Q

what are the two areas in a spinal disc

A

nucleus pulposus in the centre and annulus fibrosis round the edge

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12
Q

nerve roots of sciatic nerve

A

L4-S3

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13
Q

what is looser’s zone?

A

neck of femur vulnerable to fracture (esp if osteomalacia)

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14
Q

how can you find small fractures biochemically

A

alkaline phosphatase uptake on scan (shows bone turnover)

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15
Q

which spinous processes are bifid?

A

C3 to C6

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16
Q

where do vertebral artery and vein pass through?

A

transverse foramina of C1-C6. C7 sometimes has foramena but vessels don’t pass through these.

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17
Q

what’s special about C1

A

the atlas, has no spinous process and no vertebral body. forms a diamond / ring shape with anterior and posterior arches

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18
Q

what’s special about C2?

A

the axis - has a dens on the anterior side which pokes up vertically through towards C1.

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19
Q

what does the transverse ligament of C2 do?

A

hold the dens in place

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20
Q

how do rib numbers work in relation to vertebral numbers?

A

rib 3 will articulate with vertebra 2 (inferior costal demifacet) and vertebra 3 (superior costal demifacet). also tubercle of rib 3 will articulate with transverse costal facet on the transverse process of vertebra 3.

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21
Q

what’s the ala?

A

part of the sacrum - the ‘dish’ shaped bit either side

22
Q

where would you find a cornua

A

the coccygeal cornua is the two ‘pegs’ on the top of the coccyx

23
Q

what’s the joint between vertebrae called?

A

zygapophyseal. this exists between articular processes on adjacent vertical arches (behind the vertebral bodies, sticking out)

24
Q

end of spinal cord in the newborn?

A

L3/L4

25
Q

end of spinal cord in adult?

A

L2

26
Q

rough arrangement of arterial supply to spinal cord?

A

two at back, one at front: two posterior spinal arteries and one anterior spinal artery. these run longitudinally down from their origin in the medulla. Also the anterior and posterior radicular arteries, and segmental medullary arteries, come from the intercostal arteries, which form spinal arteries, then branch to form medullary and radiculars, these feed in at the sides alongside the nerve rootlets.

27
Q

venous drainage of the spinal cord?

A

3 at front, 3 at back, radicular and medullary veins

28
Q

how can prostatic neoplasms metastasise?

A

from prostatic plexus to vertebral venous plexus to CNS, this is why prostate cancer prognosis can be poor.

29
Q

what does the TFL do?

A

the tensor fascia late actor on the IT band to stabilise the knee when it’s extended.

30
Q

what’s the action of the glutes?

A

abduct the hip joint, stop pelvis sagging when standing on one leg

31
Q

what passes through the GSF above piriformis

A

the superior gluteal nerve, artery and vein

32
Q

what passes through the GSF below piriformis?

A

sciatic nerve, pudendal nerve, nerve to obturator internus and quadrator femoris, INFERIOR GLUTEAL NERVE, ARTERY, VEIN

33
Q

what passes through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

obturator internus muscle tendon to femur; pudendal nerver and internal pudendal vessels

34
Q

what do piriformis, obturator interns and gemelli do?

A

laterally rotate the extended thigh, abduct the flexed thigh, steady femoral head in acetabulum

35
Q

where do the gemelli attach?

A

superior to the ischial spine and inferior to the ischial tuberosity, they run to GT of femur along with obturator internus and piriformis.

36
Q

what is the fovea capitus?

A

circular depression on centre of head of femur - attachment for ligament

37
Q

where is the adductor tubercle?

A

superior to the medial epicondyle of femur

38
Q

what can flex the knee, as well as plantar flexing the ankle joint?

A

gastrocnemius

39
Q

where is the base of the patella?

A

at the top. the apex points down inferiorly

40
Q

what does vastus medialis do, as well as being a quadricep?

A

pulls more obliquely than the other 3, to stop the patella moving laterally. the lateral femoral condyle has a bony ridge which helps with this too. so the vastus med pulls medially.

41
Q

what does avulsed mean?

A

pulled off, torn away :-(

42
Q

what allows the knee to rotate a little?

A

when it’s flexed, the collateral ligaments at the side relax a bit

43
Q

where does the small saphenous vein run

A

up the back of the calf, then drains into the popliteal vein

44
Q

where does the great saphenous vein run

A

starts on dorsum of foot, then up the inner calf and inner thigh

45
Q

where does the great saphenous vein end up’?

A

enters the saphenous opening aka saphenous hiatus, an opening in deep fascia at proximal thigh, it drains into the femoral vein

46
Q

what is the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

A

sartorius

47
Q

what is the medial border of the femoral triangle

A

adductor longus

48
Q

what does tibialis anterior help to do?

A

invert the foot, as well as dorsiflexion of foot

49
Q

what everts the foot?

A

fibularis tertius

50
Q

how does the anterior tibial artery run?

A

from posterior at popliteal fossa, through the hiatus in interosseus membrane, to the anterior compartment

51
Q

describe the blood supply of the leg

A

from the popliteal fossa the popliteal artery sort of splits 3 ways: anterior tibial artery pops through to the front and supplies anterior compartment. the posterior tibial artery stays at the back and runs deep along the calf. it makes a lateral branch - the fibular artery - which helps supply the lateral leg. a bit of the fibular artery also pops back through to the front via a distal gap in the interosseus membrane to anastamose with the anterior tibial artery.

52
Q

what is the arterial supply of the hamstrings?

A

perforating arteries, branches of the profunda femoris artery. these also supply the adductor magnus and vastus lateralis.

Anatomy ST2 (2 decks)

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