control, punishment, and victims Flashcards
Summarise control, punishment and victims
Sociologists believe that the ability to control criminal behaviour takes several different measures, it is targeted at situational crime prevention and environmental crime prevention.
-surveillance is used to control and punish criminals. Sociologists also focus on victimisation, positive victimology focuses on victim proneness or precipitation, critical victimology emphasises structural factors such as poverty.
What are the two types of victimology?
positive and critical
What is positive victimology?
Miers argues that there are certain factors that lead to some individuals or groups being a more likely victim of crime- the homeless are statistically the most vulnerable victims of crime, due to their lack of resources and power
Who talks about positive victimology?
Mier’s
What does Mier’s say some victims do?
provoke behaviour that would lead to their own victimisation. m/c victims of crime have contributed to their own victimisation by displaying their wealth, encouraging crimes such as theft, and the w/c are likely to provoke threats, leading to violent crimes against them.
What is critical victimology?
views crime as the product of social conflict; unequal power and social relations; and processes of labelling and meaning-making.
Who talks about critical vcitimology?
Mawby and Walklate, Tombs and Whyte
What do Mawby and Walklate say about critical victimology?
victimisation is a form of structural powerlessness, structural factors such as patriarchy and poverty place powerless groups such as women and the poor at greater risk of victimisation.
What do Tombs and Whyte say about critical victimology?
‘victim’ is a social construct. criminal justice system, the state applies the label of the victim to some but not others, have an ideological function of ‘failure to label’ or ‘de-labelling’. conceals true extent of victimisation and its real causes, it hides the crimes of the powerful.
What is situational crime prevention?
a pre-emptive approach, focussed on reducing opportunities to commit crime, rather than improving society or institutions.
Who talks about situational crime prevention?
Clarke
What is displacement?
SCP just moves crime elsewhere, doesn’t prevent it.
What are the 5 factors of displacement?
Spatial - moving elsewhere
Temporal - Different time (
Target - Choosing different target
Tactical - Different method
Functional - Different type of crime
What is environmental crime prevention?
The Broken Windows thesis by Wilson & Kelling refers to disorderly neighbourhoods with an absence of formal social control (police) and informal control (community). Police are merely concerned with serious crime and turn a blind eye to nuisance behaviour.
Who talks about environmental crime prevention?
Put forward by Wilson and Kelling’s broken window theory
What is the broken windows theory?
If people don’t see small crimes being punished, then they are more likely to commit bigger crimes as a result
What is zero tolerance policing?
As a method of environmental crime prevention, Wilson and Kelling advocate a ‘zero tolerance policing’ approach whereby the police crack down and tackle any form of disorder and repair any disorderly signs in neighbourhoods (eg. graffiti).
Who came up with zero tolerance policing?
Wilson and Kelling
What is social and community crime prevention?
Shifts emphasis from policing, to potential offenders and their social context.
What is an example of social and community crime prevention?
The perry preschool project attempted to do this with a group of young disadvantaged black children who were offered a two-year intellectual enrichment programme that aimed to reduce criminality in future.
What were the results of the perry pre school project?
The longitudinal study showed significant differences with a control group who had not undergone an enrichment programme. By 40, they had fewer lifetime arrests for crimes and most were in a form of paid employment.
What type of study was the perry pre school project?
Longitudinal
What is surveillance?
Surveillance is the monitoring of public behaviour for the purpose of crime control. In today’s society, surveillance is carried out by the use of CCTV cameras, biometric scanning, information databases etc.
What are the types of power according to Foucault?
Sovereign and disciplinary
