control, punishment and victims

Question 1

positive victimology - miers

Answer 1

argues that there are certain factors that lead to some individuals or groups being a more likely victim of crime

Question 2

example of positive victimology

Answer 2

the homeless are statistically the most vulnerable victims of crime, due to their lack of resources and power

Question 3

what does miers determine about provoked behaviour

Answer 3

some victims provoke behaviour that would lead to their own victimisation - this can be applied to mc victims by displaying their wealth so encourages crime like theft and wc are more likely to provoke threats leading to violent crime against them

Question 4

critical victimology
mawby and walklate

Answer 4

suggest victimisation is a form of structural powerlessness so structural factors (patriarchy and poverty) place powerless groups (women and the poor) at greater risk of victimisation

Question 5

critical victimology
tombs and whyte

Answer 5

believe a ‘victim’ is a social construct - through the criminal justice system, the state applies the label to some and not to others so have an ideological function of ‘failure to label’

Question 6

what does hiding the true extent of victimisation and the real causes do?

Answer 6

it hides the crimes of the powerful

Question 7

situational crime prevention
clarke

Answer 7

believes that SCP is a pre emptive approach focused on reducing opportunities to commit crime instead of improving society or institutions

Question 8

displacement

Answer 8

the idea that SCP moves crime elsewhere

Question 9

types of displacement

Answer 9

spatial - moving elsewhere
temporal - different time
target - choosing different target
tactical - different method
functional - different type of crime

Question 10

environmental crime prevention
wilson and kelling

Answer 10

the broken windows theory refers to disorderly neighbourhoods with no formal control and informal control (police and community) - police are concerned with serious crime and turn a blind eye to nuisance

Question 11

zero tolerance policing
wilson and kelling

Answer 11

approach where the police crack down and tackle any form of disorder and repair any signs in neighbourhoods (eg graffiti)

Question 12

surveillance

Answer 12

the monitoring of public behaviour for the purpose of crime control - eg CCTV

Question 13

foucault - types of power

Answer 13

sovereign power - the monarch
disciplinary power - done through surveillance

Question 14

reduction

Answer 14

one justification of punishment is that it prevents future crime

Question 15

deterrence

Answer 15

punishing an individual discourages them from future offending

Question 16

rehabilitation

Answer 16

punishment can be used to reform or change offenders so they no longer offend - this can be done so through providing education and anger management courses

Question 17

retribution

Answer 17

based on the idea that offenders deserve to be punished and society is entitled to take revenge on the offender