Control + Punishment

Question 1

Control + Punishment - Realism + Crime Prevention - Situational (Right) - Clarke + Felson

Answer 1

• Reduces opportunity for crime
• Clarke –> prevention should be directed at specific crimes
- increase risk reduces opportunity (Rational Choice Theory + Target Hardening - CCTV)
• Example - Port Authority Bus Terminal –> Felson
- Poorly designed for crime prevention so redesigned - sinks shrunk to prevent homelessness

Question 2

Control + Punishment - Realism + Crime Prevention - Situational - Evaluation

Answer 2

• Target Hardening (CCTV) doesn’t reduce crime it displaces it
- criminals move to area with more opportunity
- displacement takes several forms: Spatial (criminal moves), Temporal (commit at different times)
• Marxists –> focuses on petty crimes

Question 3

Control + Punishment - Realism + Crime Prevention - Environmental (Right) - Wilson + Kelling - Broken Windows + Zero Tolerance

Answer 3

• Broken Windows
- leaving broken windows (graffiti, noise) unrepaired sends message no one cares
- absence of formal + informal comminty control
- police only concerned with serious crime
• Zero Tolerance Approach
- disorder + absence of control = crime
- crackdown on minor crime
• Example - NYC Clean Car Project –> cars taken of road if have graffiti

Question 4

Control + Punishment - Realism + Crime Prevention - Environmental - Zero Tolerance - Evaluation

Answer 4

• Zero tolerance leads to displacement
• Marxists –> causes tension between police + public = Deviance amplification - too occupied with street crime

Question 5

Control + Punishment - Realism + Crime Prevention - Social + Community (Left)

Answer 5

• Emphasis on potential offender
• Aim to remove conditions predisposing individual to crime
• Long-Term strategies –> attempt to tackle root cause (poverty)
• Example - Perry Pre-School Project
- reducing criminality for disadvantaged black children
- 3-4 year olds offered 2 year intellectual enrichment
- progress: sig difference with control group, by 40 - less arrests

Question 6

Control + Punishment - Realism + Crime Prevention - Social + Community - Evaluation

Answer 6

• Only focuses on low level crime–> disregards powerful
• Relflects politicians priority –> vehicle crime + burglary
• Polices aren’t long term.–> Sure Start lost funding
• Marxists –> too focused on street crime

Question 7

Control + Punishment - Surveillance - Postmodern - Foucault - Sovereign Power

Answer 7

• 2 forms of surveillance:
- Sovereign Power –> 19th Century
• Anyone breaking rules are breaking gods law
• punishment on body
• Crowd watches - producing control + preventing crime

Question 8

Control + Punishment - Surveillance - Postmodern - Foucault - Disciplinary Power

Answer 8

• Disciplinary Power –> After 19th century
- Behaviourism –> control body to control mind
- criminals must be broken down into docile (passive + obedient) subjects

Question 9

Control + Punishment - Surveillance - Postmodern - Bentham Et Al - Panopticon

Answer 9

• Building in centre of prison with guard inside
• Guard can see every cell - prisoners can’t see guard
• Prisoners don’t know if they are being watched or not- discipline themselves

Question 10

Control + Punishment - Surveillance - Criticisms of Foucault

Answer 10

• Goffman –> Some inmates resist prison control- isn’t as effective
• Norris –> panopticons don’t reduce crime
- CCTV displaces crime
• Gill + Loveday –> CCTV Isn’t effective - criminals don’t care if being watched

Question 11

Control + Punishment - Surveillance since Foucault - Synoptic Surveillance - Mathiesen

Answer 11

• Not just powerful watching weak, weak watch powerful
• Not just panopticon but synopticon
- everyone watches everyone
• Examples:
- Thompson–> politicians fear media exposure
- Mann –> sousveillance - weak film powerful wrongdoing

Question 12

Control + Punishment - Surveillance since Foucault - Surveillant Assmeblages - Haggerty + Ericson

Answer 12

• Surveillance technologies now involve manipulating virtual objects in cyberspace rather than physical bodies on earth
• Surveillance tended to be stand alone/unable to communicate
- CCTV Footage can be analysed using facial recognition

Question 13

Control + Punishment - Surveillance since Foucault - Actuatial Justice + Risk Management - Feeley + Simon

Answer 13

• Use actuarial analysis - calculate stat risk of particular event happening
• e.g Airport security screening checks based on known offenders risk factors

Question 14

Control + Punishment - Surveillance since Foucault - Labelling - Ditton

Answer 14

• One major city centre CCTV programme can zoom in on vehicle + see if tax is expired
- found disproportionate targeting of young black males for no reason
• Judgement based on typifications = SFP + crime

Question 15

Control + Punishment - Punishment + Reduction - Methods

Answer 15

• Many believe Punishment is best detterent for crime
• 2 justifications for Punishment: Reduction + Retribution (must pay back)
• Recution –> aims to punish to prevent future crime
- instrumental justification - serves a purpose
• 3 Main methods:
- Detterance –> Punishing discourages future offending
- Rehabilitation –> change offender so don’t reoffend
- Incapacitating–> remove ability to offend (sterilisation)

Question 16

Control + Punishment - Punishment + Retribution

Answer 16

• Offender deserves to be punished
• Soc seek revenge when they break moral code
• Expressive justification–> emotional motivation
• Example: death penalty, life in prison

Question 17

Control + Punishment - Punishment - Sociological Perspectives - Functionalism - Durkheim

Answer 17

• Punishent functions to uphold social solidarity + reinforce shared values
• Expressive –> emotions of outrage of offence, shared values reaffirmed

Question 18

Control + Punishment - Punishment - Sociological Perspectives - Functionalism - Durkheim - Types of Justice + Evaluation

Answer 18

• Retributive –> Traditional soc less diverse
- social solidarity + collective conscious is strong, severe + cruel Punishment, expressive motivation
• Restitutive –> Modern soc
- Weaker social solidarity = unclear collective conscious, crime damaged interdependence- aims to restore equilibrium
• Evaluation –> Historically inaccurate- traditional soc often had restitutive

Question 19

Control + Punishment - Punishment - Sociological Perspectives - Marxism

Answer 19

• Punishment maintains rc dominance
• It’s part if RSA + reflects base of soc
• Rusche + Kirchheimer –> No money fines in economy with no money - imprisonment dominant under capitalism
• Melossi + Pavarini –> Imprisonment reflects capitalism focus on money
- puts price on workers time, prisoners do time to pay for crime, loose ability to make money = ultimate punishment

Question 20

Control + Punishment - Punishment - Sociological Perspectives - Marxist Evaluation

Answer 20

• Not every Punishment can be directly related back to economic structure
- convict meets victims family

Question 21

Control + Punishment - Imprisonment Today - Are prisons effective

Answer 21

• Imprisonment is most severe punishment
- 2/3 offendera reoffend on release
- expensive way to make bad people worse
• Overcrowded prisons
- poor sanitation, food, clothing shortages, lack opportunities (Carrabine)
• 2016 - UK had 3rd highest Imprisonment
1st Russia 670k
2nd Turkey 150k
3rd UK 95K

Question 22

Control + Punishment - Imprisonment Today - An Era of Mass Incarceration - Garland

Answer 22

• US prison population increased since 70s
- 1972 = 200k
- 2001 = 1.5 mil
• Is systematic imprisonment of whole groups of population
- UK - 32% Black, 16% Asian

Question 23

Control + Punishment - Imprisonment Today - Evaluation - Downes + Simon

Answer 23

• Downes –> Mass imprisonment is Ideological
- US prisons take 30-40% of unemployed
- Makes unemployment stats lower than truth + capitalism looks successful
• Simon
- Prison used in US’ war on drugs
- Due to widespread drug use, creates limitless supply of arrestable offences

Question 24

Control + Punishment - Imprisonment Today - Transcarceration

Answer 24

• Indiv gets locking into cycle of control
- Brought up in care - young offenders insti - adult prison - psyc hospital
• Blurring role of state agencies
- health, housing + Social services have crime control role
- regularly engage with police + share data

Question 25

Control + Punishment - Imprisonment Today - Alternatives to Prison - Young Offender - Cohen

Answer 25

• Diversion of young offenders
- move young people away from criminal justice system to avoid SFP
• Cohen
- Community controls cast a net of control over more people
- Divert young offenders to commit crime
- Community sentences are fast track to prison

Question 26

Control + Punishment - Victims - Positivist Victimology - Miers

Answer 26

• Miers - 3 features:
- Identify factors producing patterns in Victimisation
- Focus on interpersonal violent crime
- Identity victims contribution to own Victimisation
• Victim pronenes –> identifying social + physiological characteristics of victims

Question 27

Control + Punishment - Victims - Positivist Victimology - Characterists - Hans Von Hentig

Answer 27

• Hans Von Hentig –> Identified 13 characteristics of victims: female, elderly, mentally normal
- invite Victimisation for being who they are
• Wolfgang –> studies 588 homicides
- 26% involved in victim precipitation (victim triggering events)

Question 28

Control + Punishment - Victim - Positivist Victimology Evaluation - Brookman

Answer 28

• Wolfgang shows the importance of Victim- offender relationship
• Ignores wider structural factors (poverty, patriarchy)
• Can turn into Victim blaming
- Amir –> 1/5 rape victims are precipitated (caused it)

Question 29

Control + Punishment - Victim - Critical Victimology

Answer 29

• 2 elements
- structural factors –> patriarchy + poverty
• place powerless groups at greater risk
• Mawby + Walklate –> Victimisation is a form of structural powerlessness
- states power to apply/deny victim label = social Construct
• Tombs + Whyte –> safety crime (injury at work) explained ad fault of accident prone workers - hides rc crime

Question 30

Control + Punishment - Victim - Critical Victimology - Evaluation

Answer 30

• Disregards role victims play in bringing Victimisation on themselves
• Draws attention to way victims status is constructed by power

Question 31

Control + Punishment - Victim - Patterns of Victimisation - Class - Newburn + Rock

Answer 31

• Poorest more likely to be victimised
• Crime rates highest in unemployed + deprived areas
• Marginalised groups are 12x more likely to have experienced violence

Question 32

Control + Punishment - Victim - Patterns of Victimisation - Age

Answer 32

• Younger more at risk
• Most at risk of murder = under 1
• Teenagers more vulnerable to assault, sexual harassment
• Old risk of abuse (care homes)

Question 33

Control + Punishment - Victim - Patterns of Victimisation - Ethnicity

Answer 33

• Minority ethnicities at greater risk
• More likely to report feeling under-protected by over-controlled

Question 34

Control + Punishment - Victim - Patterns of Victimisation - Gender

Answer 34

• Males higher risk of violent attacks
• 70% of homicide victims are male
• Women have higher risk of DV, stalking, Sexual violence + assault

Question 35

Control + Punishment - Victim - Patterns of Victimisation - Repeat Victimisation

Answer 35

• Victim once more likely to be agaib
• 60% not victims, 4% victims of 44% of crime

Question 36

Control + Punishment - Victim - Impact of Victimisation

Answer 36

• Physical + emotional implications
- disrupts sleep, feeling helpless
• Creates indirect victims–> Family, friends, witnesses
- Pynoos –> child witness sniper attack have grief-related dreams + altered beh
• Secondary Victimisation–> suffer Victimisation of criminal justice system - rape victims poorly treated