CONTROL & PREVENTION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES PART 2 Flashcards
Defined the concept of the causes of disease.
Explain that the growth and reproduction of a microorganism (germs) inside a human body can cause a specific disease.
GERM THEORY
- A disease-causing microorganism
PATHOGEN
______________________________ OF THE MICROORGANISM CAN INCREASE THE RISK OF HAVING A DISEASE
SUSCEPTIBILITY & PATHOGENICITY
2 TYPES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Non specific
Does not confer a long term immunity
Usually the first line of defense
Responds in a more generic way
INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM Components:
Humoral immunity
Cell mediated immunity
Recruiting immune cells to sites of infection, through the production of chemical factors, including specialized chemical mediators called cytokines.
Activation of the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells, and promote clearance of antibody complexes or dead cells.
Identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, blood, and lymph nodes, by specialized white blood cells.
Activation of the adaptive immune system through a process known as antigen presentation ( antibody generator). An antigen is defined as any substance that binds to a specific antibody and elicits an adaptive immune response.
Acting as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents.
Functions of an innate immune system
Brought about by reactions of the macrophages, dendritic cells, histiocytes and mastocytes.
inflammation
inflammation is Characterized by:
Redness of the skin ( rubor)
Increase local heat temperature ( calor)
Localized or generalized pain ( dolor)
Swelling of the tissue (tumor)
LEUKOCYTES
Most abundant form of phagocyte, the first to go to the site of inflammation
NEUTROPHIL
LEUKOCYTES
Mostly present in tissues that are exposed to external environment ( ex: skin, mucosa). It serves as the link between the innate and adaptive immune system (phagocytic)
DENDRITIC CELL
LEUKOCYTES
Releases histamine in response to a parasitic infection
BASOPHIL
LEUKOCYTES
Releases toxic molecules in response to a bacterial or parasitic infection.
EOSINOPHIL
LEUKOCYTES
Releases heparin, histamines, chemokines, chemotaxic cytokines, involved in allergic reactions or anaphylaxis and wound healing
MAST CELL
LEUKOCYTES
Phagocytic cells which can move across the walls of capillary vessels.
MACROPHAGE
LEUKOCYTES
Destroys compromised host cells such as virus-infected cells or even tumor cells.
NATURAL KILLER CELL
Highly specific.
Creates a long-term memory of immunity against pathogens
Provides long-term protection to the host
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
RECOGNITION OF SPECIFIC “NONSELF” ANTIGENS IN THE PRESENCE OF “SELF” DURING THE PROCESS OF ANTIGEN PRESENTATION.
GENERATION OF RESPONSES THAT ARE TAILORED TO MAXIMALLY ELIMINATE SPECIFIC PATHOGEN OR PATHOGEN-INFECTED CELLS.
DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY, IN WHICH PATHOGENS ARE “REMEMBERED” THROUGH MEMORY B CELLS AND MEMORY T CELLS.
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
T LYMPHOCYTES
Also known as CD4 T cells, secrets cytokines, assist in the maturation of B cells, activates cytotoxic T cells and macrophages
T helper cell
T LYMPHOCYTES
Also known as CD8+ T cells, destroys virus infected cells
Cytotoxic T cells
T LYMPHOCYTES
Gets activated upon re exposure to a cognate antigen, can either be CD4+ or CD8+
Memory T cells
T LYMPHOCYTES
Shuts down T cell-mediated immunity toward the end of an immune reaction
Suppressor T cells
T LYMPHOCYTES
Produces cytokines and cytolytic cells (cell destroying) molecules.
Natural Killer T cells
- are the predominant cells involved in the creation of Immunoglobulins (Ig) or antibodies
B LYMPHOCYTES
IMMUNOGLOBULIN
majority of antibody based immunity against invading pathogens; the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus
IgG
IMMUNOGLOBULIN
found in mucosal areas, such as the gut, respiratory tract and urogenital tract, saliva, tears and breast milk, prevents colonization of pathogens.
IgM
IMMUNOGLOBULIN
binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils and is involved in allergy. also protect against parasitic infection
IgE
IMMUNOGLOBULIN
functions mainly as antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigen
IgD
- is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of vaccine.
- vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect theperson against subsequent infection or disease.
IMMUNIZATION
type of vaccine
- produced by modifying a disease producing virus
- the resulting vaccine organism retains the ability to replicate and produce immunity.
- ex: measles vaccine, mumps, rubella, varicella, rotavirus and influenza
LIVE ATTENUATED
type of vaccine
- composed of either whole viruses or bacteria or fractional vaccines
- fractional vaccines are either protein-based or polysaccharide based
- protein based vaccines include toxoid
- conjugated polysaccharide vaccines contain polysaccharide that is chemically linked to a protein, that linkage makes the polysacharride more potent
- ex:polio, hepatitis A and rabies
INACTIVATED
BACTERIA
Causative agent: Clostridium botulinum
Disease:
botulism
BACTERIA
Causative agent: leptospira
Disease:
weil’s disease (leptospirosis)
BACTERIA
Causative agent: clostridium tetani
Disease:
tetanus
BACTERIA
Causative agent: myobacterium tuberculosis
Disease:
tuberculosis
BACTERIA
Causative agent: salmonella typhi
Disease:
typhoid fever
BACTERIA
Causative agent: corynebacterium diphteria
Disease:
diphteria
BACTERIA
Causative agent: staphylococcus aureus
Disease:
impetigo
BACTERIA
Causative agent: myobacterium leprae
Disease:
hansen’s disease (leprosy)
BACTERIA
Causative agent: neiserria gonorrhea
Disease:
gonorrhea
BACTERIA
Causative agent: streptococcus
Disease:
rheumatic fever
BACTERIA
Causative agent: bordetella pertussis
Disease:
whooping cough (pertussis)
BACTERIA
Causative agent: vibrio cholerae
Disease:
cholera
VIRUS
Causative agent: Hepatitis virus
Disease:
Hepatitis
VIRUS
Causative agent: dengue (flavivirus) virus
Disease:
dengue hemorrhagic fever
VIRUS
Causative agent: rabies (rhabdovirus) virus
Disease:
rabies
VIRUS
Causative agent: human papillomavirus
Disease:
warts
VIRUS
Causative agent: human immunodeficiency virus
Disease:
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
VIRUS
Causative agent: measles (paramyxovirus) virus
Disease:
rubeola (measles)
VIRUS
Causative agent: mumps (genus rubulavirus) virus
Disease:
epidemic parotitis (mumps)
VIRUS
Causative agent: polio (genus enterovirus) virus
Disease:
poliomyelitis
VIRUS
Causative agent: rotavirus
Disease:
severe diarrhea
VIRUS
Causative agent: varicella zoster virus
Disease:
chickenpox, shingles
VIRUS
Causative agent: rubella (genus rubivirus) virus
Disease:
German measles
VIRUS
Causative agent: eipstein barr virus
Disease:
infectious mononucleosis
PARASITE
Causative agent: Entameoba histolyca
Disease:
amebiasis
PARASITE
Causative agent: ascaris lumbricoides
Disease:
ascariasis
PARASITE
Causative agent: diphyllobothrium latum
Disease:
diphyllobothriasis (tapeworm infection)
PARASITE
Causative agent: ancylostoma brazilense
Disease:
cutaneous larva migrans
PARASITE
Causative agent: wuchereria bancrofti
Disease:
filariasis (elephantiasis)
PARASITE
Causative agent: plasmodium sp.
Disease:
malaria
PARASITE
Causative agent: schistosoma sp.
Disease:
schistosomiasis (bilharzia)
PARASITE
Causative agent: trichuris trichiuria
Disease:
whipworm infection
PARASITE
Causative agent: taenia sp.
Disease:
tapeworm infection, cysticercosis
FUNGI
Causative agent: candida albicans
Disease:
candidiasis (thrush, genial, etc)
FUNGI
Causative agent: cryptococcus neoformans
Disease:
cryptococcosis
FUNGI
Causative agent: dermatophytes
Disease:
ringworm
FUNGI
Causative agent: trichophyton sp.
Disease:
tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)
7 LEUKOCYTES
NEUTROPHIL
DENDRITIC CELL
BASOPHIL
EOSINOPHIL
MAST CELL
MACROPHAGE
NATURAL KILLER CELL
5 T LYMPHOCYTEs
T helper cell
Cytotoxic T cells
Memory T cells
Suppressor T cells
Natural Killer T cells
4 Immunoglobulins
IgG
IgM
IgE
IgD
2 Types of Vaccines
Live Attuned
Inactivated