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Community & Public Health > CONTROL & PREVENTION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES PART 2 > Flashcards

CONTROL & PREVENTION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES PART 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Defined the concept of the causes of disease.

Explain that the growth and reproduction of a microorganism (germs) inside a human body can cause a specific disease.

A

GERM THEORY

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2
Q
  • A disease-causing microorganism
A

PATHOGEN

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3
Q

______________________________ OF THE MICROORGANISM CAN INCREASE THE RISK OF HAVING A DISEASE

A

SUSCEPTIBILITY & PATHOGENICITY

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4
Q

2 TYPES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM

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5
Q

Non specific
Does not confer a long term immunity
Usually the first line of defense
Responds in a more generic way

A

INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM

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6
Q

INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM Components:

A

Humoral immunity
Cell mediated immunity

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7
Q

Recruiting immune cells to sites of infection, through the production of chemical factors, including specialized chemical mediators called cytokines.

Activation of the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells, and promote clearance of antibody complexes or dead cells.

Identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, blood, and lymph nodes, by specialized white blood cells.

Activation of the adaptive immune system through a process known as antigen presentation ( antibody generator). An antigen is defined as any substance that binds to a specific antibody and elicits an adaptive immune response.

Acting as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents.

A

Functions of an innate immune system

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8
Q

Brought about by reactions of the macrophages, dendritic cells, histiocytes and mastocytes.

A

inflammation

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9
Q

inflammation is Characterized by:

A

Redness of the skin ( rubor)
Increase local heat temperature ( calor)
Localized or generalized pain ( dolor)
Swelling of the tissue (tumor)

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10
Q

LEUKOCYTES

Most abundant form of phagocyte, the first to go to the site of inflammation

A

NEUTROPHIL

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11
Q

LEUKOCYTES

Mostly present in tissues that are exposed to external environment ( ex: skin, mucosa). It serves as the link between the innate and adaptive immune system (phagocytic)

A

DENDRITIC CELL

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12
Q

LEUKOCYTES

Releases histamine in response to a parasitic infection

A

BASOPHIL

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13
Q

LEUKOCYTES

Releases toxic molecules in response to a bacterial or parasitic infection.

A

EOSINOPHIL

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14
Q

LEUKOCYTES

Releases heparin, histamines, chemokines, chemotaxic cytokines, involved in allergic reactions or anaphylaxis and wound healing

A

MAST CELL

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15
Q

LEUKOCYTES

Phagocytic cells which can move across the walls of capillary vessels.

A

MACROPHAGE

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16
Q

LEUKOCYTES

Destroys compromised host cells such as virus-infected cells or even tumor cells.

A

NATURAL KILLER CELL

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17
Q

Highly specific.
Creates a long-term memory of immunity against pathogens
Provides long-term protection to the host

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM

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18
Q

RECOGNITION OF SPECIFIC “NONSELF” ANTIGENS IN THE PRESENCE OF “SELF” DURING THE PROCESS OF ANTIGEN PRESENTATION.

GENERATION OF RESPONSES THAT ARE TAILORED TO MAXIMALLY ELIMINATE SPECIFIC PATHOGEN OR PATHOGEN-INFECTED CELLS.

DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY, IN WHICH PATHOGENS ARE “REMEMBERED” THROUGH MEMORY B CELLS AND MEMORY T CELLS.

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

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19
Q

T LYMPHOCYTES

Also known as CD4 T cells, secrets cytokines, assist in the maturation of B cells, activates cytotoxic T cells and macrophages

A

T helper cell

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20
Q

T LYMPHOCYTES

Also known as CD8+ T cells, destroys virus infected cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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21
Q

T LYMPHOCYTES

Gets activated upon re exposure to a cognate antigen, can either be CD4+ or CD8+

A

Memory T cells

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22
Q

T LYMPHOCYTES

Shuts down T cell-mediated immunity toward the end of an immune reaction

A

Suppressor T cells

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23
Q

T LYMPHOCYTES

Produces cytokines and cytolytic cells (cell destroying) molecules.

A

Natural Killer T cells

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24
Q
  • are the predominant cells involved in the creation of Immunoglobulins (Ig) or antibodies
A

B LYMPHOCYTES

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25
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULIN

majority of antibody based immunity against invading pathogens; the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus

A

IgG

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26
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULIN

found in mucosal areas, such as the gut, respiratory tract and urogenital tract, saliva, tears and breast milk, prevents colonization of pathogens.

A

IgM

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27
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULIN

binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils and is involved in allergy. also protect against parasitic infection

A

IgE

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28
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULIN

functions mainly as antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigen

A

IgD

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29
Q
  • is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of vaccine.
  • vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect theperson against subsequent infection or disease.
A

IMMUNIZATION

30
Q

type of vaccine

  1. produced by modifying a disease producing virus
  2. the resulting vaccine organism retains the ability to replicate and produce immunity.
  3. ex: measles vaccine, mumps, rubella, varicella, rotavirus and influenza
A

LIVE ATTENUATED

31
Q

type of vaccine

  1. composed of either whole viruses or bacteria or fractional vaccines
  2. fractional vaccines are either protein-based or polysaccharide based
  3. protein based vaccines include toxoid
  4. conjugated polysaccharide vaccines contain polysaccharide that is chemically linked to a protein, that linkage makes the polysacharride more potent
  5. ex:polio, hepatitis A and rabies
A

INACTIVATED

32
Q

BACTERIA

Causative agent: Clostridium botulinum

Disease:

A

botulism

33
Q

BACTERIA

Causative agent: leptospira

Disease:

A

weil’s disease (leptospirosis)

34
Q

BACTERIA

Causative agent: clostridium tetani

Disease:

A

tetanus

35
Q

BACTERIA

Causative agent: myobacterium tuberculosis

Disease:

A

tuberculosis

36
Q

BACTERIA

Causative agent: salmonella typhi

Disease:

A

typhoid fever

37
Q

BACTERIA

Causative agent: corynebacterium diphteria

Disease:

A

diphteria

38
Q

BACTERIA

Causative agent: staphylococcus aureus

Disease:

A

impetigo

39
Q

BACTERIA

Causative agent: myobacterium leprae

Disease:

A

hansen’s disease (leprosy)

40
Q

BACTERIA

Causative agent: neiserria gonorrhea

Disease:

A

gonorrhea

41
Q

BACTERIA

Causative agent: streptococcus

Disease:

A

rheumatic fever

42
Q

BACTERIA

Causative agent: bordetella pertussis

Disease:

A

whooping cough (pertussis)

43
Q

BACTERIA

Causative agent: vibrio cholerae

Disease:

A

cholera

44
Q

VIRUS

Causative agent: Hepatitis virus

Disease:

A

Hepatitis

45
Q

VIRUS

Causative agent: dengue (flavivirus) virus

Disease:

A

dengue hemorrhagic fever

46
Q

VIRUS

Causative agent: rabies (rhabdovirus) virus

Disease:

A

rabies

47
Q

VIRUS

Causative agent: human papillomavirus

Disease:

A

warts

48
Q

VIRUS

Causative agent: human immunodeficiency virus

Disease:

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

49
Q

VIRUS

Causative agent: measles (paramyxovirus) virus

Disease:

A

rubeola (measles)

50
Q

VIRUS

Causative agent: mumps (genus rubulavirus) virus

Disease:

A

epidemic parotitis (mumps)

51
Q

VIRUS

Causative agent: polio (genus enterovirus) virus

Disease:

A

poliomyelitis

52
Q

VIRUS

Causative agent: rotavirus

Disease:

A

severe diarrhea

53
Q

VIRUS

Causative agent: varicella zoster virus

Disease:

A

chickenpox, shingles

54
Q

VIRUS

Causative agent: rubella (genus rubivirus) virus

Disease:

A

German measles

55
Q

VIRUS

Causative agent: eipstein barr virus

Disease:

A

infectious mononucleosis

56
Q

PARASITE

Causative agent: Entameoba histolyca

Disease:

A

amebiasis

57
Q

PARASITE

Causative agent: ascaris lumbricoides

Disease:

A

ascariasis

58
Q

PARASITE

Causative agent: diphyllobothrium latum

Disease:

A

diphyllobothriasis (tapeworm infection)

59
Q

PARASITE

Causative agent: ancylostoma brazilense

Disease:

A

cutaneous larva migrans

60
Q

PARASITE

Causative agent: wuchereria bancrofti

Disease:

A

filariasis (elephantiasis)

61
Q

PARASITE

Causative agent: plasmodium sp.

Disease:

A

malaria

62
Q

PARASITE

Causative agent: schistosoma sp.

Disease:

A

schistosomiasis (bilharzia)

63
Q

PARASITE

Causative agent: trichuris trichiuria

Disease:

A

whipworm infection

64
Q

PARASITE

Causative agent: taenia sp.

Disease:

A

tapeworm infection, cysticercosis

65
Q

FUNGI

Causative agent: candida albicans

Disease:

A

candidiasis (thrush, genial, etc)

66
Q

FUNGI

Causative agent: cryptococcus neoformans

Disease:

A

cryptococcosis

67
Q

FUNGI

Causative agent: dermatophytes

Disease:

A

ringworm

68
Q

FUNGI

Causative agent: trichophyton sp.

Disease:

A

tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)

69
Q

7 LEUKOCYTES

A

NEUTROPHIL
DENDRITIC CELL
BASOPHIL
EOSINOPHIL
MAST CELL
MACROPHAGE
NATURAL KILLER CELL

70
Q

5 T LYMPHOCYTEs

A

T helper cell
Cytotoxic T cells
Memory T cells
Suppressor T cells
Natural Killer T cells

71
Q

4 Immunoglobulins

A

IgG
IgM
IgE
IgD

72
Q

2 Types of Vaccines

A

Live Attuned
Inactivated

Community & Public Health (2 decks)

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