Control, prevention and punishment Flashcards
What are the 4 types of punishment?
1- Deterrence
2- incapacitation
3- Rehabilitation
4- Retribution
What is deterrence?
Bringing offenders to justice and publicly punishing them will encourage potential offenders to think twice
What is incapacitation?
Protecting potential victims by stopping the offender from repeating their behaviour
- involves limiting offenders freedom- imprisonment
What is rehabilitation?
Prevent offender from committing crimes in the future
- change attitudes, values and behaviour
What is retribution?
Society giving fair and just punishment to offenders
- satisfying the desires of victim, friends and family
- similar to vengeance and revenge
What did Durkheim mean by mechanical solidarity?
Individuals in society having similar moral values and their shared beliefs (collective conscience) was very strong
- these similarities held society together
How was punishemnt administered ins society at this time?
Offenders were severely punished and generally all members of society accepted
and supported strong punishments
- have an important role of boundary maintenance
How is organic solidarity different from mechanical and how does punishment differ?
People have more specialist roles and become interdependent du to these differences between people, collective conscience isn’t as strong
What do Marxists mean when they say that forms of punishment change to meet the economic needs of society?
Correspond to the particular economic system in which they developed
- early middle ages main punishment involved religious penance and fines because workers were in high demand so this would benefit land owners
Why did prison develop accoiidng to Marxists Melossi an Pavarin?
To impose discipline on workers, required in factories
- those who wouldn’t submit were sent to prison so they learned to be a subservient labour force- exploited by the RC
How can we criticise the functionalist explanation of punishment?
X Assume there is a consensus, in reality there may be different views on morality, role of power/inequality of making the law
How can we criticise the Marxist explanation of punishment?
X Simplistic explanation of the relationship between punishment and power- gender or ethnicity?
What is Postmodernist Foucalt’s view of punishment?
Past- focus on the body, deterrent, torture, physical
Now- focus on mind
e.g. surveillance, sophisticated form, more effective, gives the state more power
- society is a huge panopticon, all prisoners
What are the 4 ways of reducing the amount of crime in society?
1- Create more cohesive communities
2- Make crime harder to commit and make punishment harsher
3- Make society fairer and reduce the amount of relative deprivation
4- intervene and put measures in place in order to reduce the number of future deviants
What crime prevention measure do left realists believe in?
Social and community crime prevention
Left realism: Social and community crime prevention
Aim to address the economic and social causes of crime
- make society fairer, improve confidence in police
- identify future deviants, intervene to prevent crime in he future
Examples of social and community prevention
Policies such as Sure start to reduce cultural and material deprivation
- more democratic and community control to win confidence in the police
- minimum pay legislation- fair
What 2 types of crime prevention do right realists believe in?
Situational
Environmental
What is situational crime prevention?
Increase the risk of criminals being caught and encourage potential victims to make themselves harder targets
Examples of situational crime prevention?
Schemes like Neighbourhood watch- informal surveillance, encourage residents to watch and support each other
- supervision of offenders, tagging
- more policing, more arrests in high crime areas to deter criminals
- Safer Neighbourhood schemes, make homes more secure
What is environmental crime prevention?
Any sign of environmental decline, such as broken windows, graffiti, or anti-social behaviour must be tackled immediately
Examples of environmental crime prevention
Making parents take more responsibility- Parenting Orders
- cracking down on anti-social behaviour, ASBOs naming and shaming
- zero tolerance policing
Why does Garland criticise Right Realists?
X ignore the causes of crime and just displace it
Why does Felson support crime prevention?
‘designing out crime such as getting rid of gennels, park benches etc grouped together is effective, this approach worked especially well in NYC
What do Right realists say about social and community crime prevention?
X too soft and create excuses for criminals e.g. poverty
Why do Marxists criticise Right realists?
X Do little to reduce sexual, violent, white collar and corporate crime
How can we criticise Left Realist approaches?
X expensive, show little short-term improvement in crime rates
How do post modernists evaluate crime prevention?
Could crime be about individual excitement
Lyng, edgework
