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BRS 6 Cardio and respiratory > Control of Lung Function > Flashcards

Control of Lung Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four centers in the brain that control lung function called?

A
  1. Dorsal Respiratory Group
  2. Ventral Respiratory Group
  3. Apneustic Center
  4. Pneumotaxic Center
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2
Q

What is the Dorsal Respiratory group responsible for?

A

Main controller of inspiration

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3
Q

Which group in the medulla sets the rate for inspiration?

A

The dorsal respiratory group

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4
Q

Which group in the medulla is the expiratory center?

A

The ventral respiratory group

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5
Q

What does the ventral respiratory group Inhibit?

A

The dorsal and apenustic

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6
Q

What does the apneustic center do?

A

Stimulates the dorsal respiratory group

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7
Q

What is the pneumotaxic center known as?

A

The inspiratory off switch

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8
Q

What does the pneumotaxic center do?

A

Regulates depth and frequency of breathing

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9
Q

What does the pneumotaxic center inhibit?

A

The dorsal respiratory group

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10
Q

Why is the pneumotaxic center especially important?

A

Prevents pulmonary damage and over inflation of the lungs

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11
Q

Which two centers make up the pontine respiratory group?

A

The apnuestic center and the pneumotaxic center

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12
Q

Which muscles does the dorsal respiratory group innervate?

A

The external intercostals

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13
Q

Which muscles are involved with expiration?

A

Internal intercostals

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14
Q

Which muscles are involved with inspiration?

A

External Intercostals

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15
Q

Aside from the external intercostals, what else is involved with inspiration?

A
  • The diaphragm
  • It moves down during inspiration to reduce pressure in the lungs, which allows the flow of air into the lungs
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16
Q

Aside from the internal intercostals, what else in involved with inspiration?

A

Accessory respiratory muscles

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17
Q

Which anatomical structure(s) create the primary drive to breathe?

A

Specialised medullary/pontine nuclei

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18
Q

What inhibits the apneustic center?

A

Pulmonary afferents

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19
Q

What type of gap junctions do normal capillaries have?

A

H2O-filled gap junctions

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20
Q

What type of junctions are found in the Blood Brain Barrier?

A

Tight junctions

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21
Q

Why can charged or large molecules not pass through the blood brain barrier?

A

Due to the presence of tight junctions

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22
Q

Why can Carbon Dioxide pass the Blood Brain Barrier?

A

CO2 is highly lipid soluble and therefore can pass the blood brain barrier

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23
Q

Why are the tight junctions found in the brain?

A

Certain nervous cells like astrocytes pack the H2O filled junctions which make them tight junctions

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24
Q

What does CO2 and H2O do to affect our drive to breathe?

A
  • CO2 can cross into the CSF where it reacts with H2O to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate
  • H+ interacts with afferent fibres in the medulla which send signals to the dorsal respiratory group to determine rate and rhythm of breathing
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25
Q

Levels of oxygen are sensed by what on the surface on the medulla oblongata?

A

Central Chemoreceptors

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26
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors found?

A

In the medulla oblongata

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27
Q

What do central chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Hydrogen ion concentration from the dissociation of CO2 within the surrounding tissue and the CSF, NOT BLOOD

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28
Q

Why do central chemoreceptors not response to changes in the blood?

A

The diffusion of the ions such as H+ and HCO3- from the blood is poor due to the tight junctions between the cells which forms the blood brain barrier

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29
Q

Where are peripheral receptors located?

A

Around the aortic arch and the carotid sinus (Aortic and Carotid Bodies)

30
Q

Afferent neurones from the peripheral chemoreceptors are via which two nerves?

A

Glossopharyngeal and the Vagus nerve

31
Q

What enzyme is responsible for converting H2O and CO2 into H2CO3 and then H+ and HCO3-?

A

Carbonic anhyrase

32
Q

What happens when central chemoreceptors found in the medulla detect a reduced blood pH?

A

They cause the respiratory centers to increase the rate and depth of breathing

33
Q

How does the partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide change going from Rest into Exercise?

A

Does not change

34
Q

Why does the transition from rest to exercise not impact the partial pressure of CO2?

A

The overall affect is no change

35
Q

What are irritant receptors?

A

Afferent receptors found within and beneath the airway epithelium

36
Q

What does activation of irritant receptors lead to?

A

Cough

37
Q

What does a cough involve?

A
  • Forceful expiration against a closed glottis
  • Sudden glottal opening and high velocity expulsion of air
38
Q

What does excessive inflation of the lungs activate?

A

Pulmonary Stretch Receptors

39
Q

What does activation of the stretch receptors do?

A

Inhibits inspiration and stimulates expiration

40
Q

When stretch receptors are activated, which centers are activated and which are inhibited?

A
  • Apneustic and dorsal are inhibited
  • Ventral is stimulated
41
Q

What are J receptors sensitive to?

A

Pulmonary capillary engorgement (high pressure) and oedema

42
Q

What does stimulation of the J receptors lead to?

A

Increased breathing frequency as oedema and engorgement affect the lungs’ ability to ventilate

43
Q

What is Volitional Apnoea?

A

Cessation of breathing which decreases arterial oxygen and increases CO2

44
Q

What stimulates the medulla to breathe in?

A

Accumulation of H+ beyond the blood brain barrier when holding breath

45
Q

Describe the emotional change to ventilation

A
  • Special senses and higher brain centres (e.g. limbic system) elicit an emotional response
  • This can affect the respiratory control centre
46
Q

How are nerves distributed so that exercise can affect breathing?

A
  • A branch of the efferents that go from the primary motor cortex to gross skeletal musculature also innervate the medulla
  • This tells the brain to start breathing during exercise
  • Proprioceptive afferents from muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs innervate the medulla on the way to the brain
47
Q

What is meant by chloride shift?

A

Where one chloride ion is exchanged into red blood cell for one bicarbonate ion out the red blood cell

48
Q

What is an acid

A

A proton donor

49
Q

A greater H+ concentration refers to what in terms of pH?

A

A low pH

50
Q

Why must the acidity of the blood be tightly regulated?

A

marked changes will alter the 3D structure of proteins (enzymes, hormones, protein channels)

51
Q

What transporter is involved in chloride shift?

A

AE1 Transporter

52
Q

Whatis the ability of the blood to react to changes in H+ ion conc known as?

A

buffering capacity

53
Q

What is meant by alkaemia?

A

A higher than normal pH of blood

54
Q

What is meant by acidaemia?

A

A lower than normal pH of blood

55
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

Circumstances that will decrease [H+] and increase pH

56
Q

What is acidosis?

A

Describes circumstances that will increase [H+] and decrease pH

57
Q

What stimulates a rapid compensatory response to affect pH?

A

Changes in ventilation

58
Q

What stimulates a slow compensatory response to affect pH?

A

Changes in HCO3- and H+ retention/secretion in the kidneys

59
Q

What is needed to correct an acidaemia?

A

Alkalosis

60
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Receptors which are sensitive to changes in blood pressure

61
Q

What receptors are involved in the control of alveolar ventilation during exercise?

A

Central chemoreceptors

62
Q

What triggers the change in ventilation due to emotional change?

A

The respiratory control center

63
Q

Efferents from primary motor cortex to
gross skeletal musculature partly
innervate what?

A

the medulla

64
Q

What innervates the medulla on the way to the brain during exercise?

A

Proprioceptive afferents from the muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

65
Q

What effect does cycling someones legs have and what does this show?

A
  • Increases ventilation
  • Shows that the afferent nerves from muscles and tendons also innervate the medulla on the way to the brain
  • As the shortening and lengthening of the muscle fibres is enough to create an increase in ventilation
66
Q

What effect does immersion in cold water have on ventilation?

A

Results in an inspiratory gasp and hyperventilation

67
Q

What pH range is the blood pH tightly regulated between?

A

7.35 and 7.45

68
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors do?

A

They respond to changes in blood molecule concentrations (like oxygen and carbon dioxide) and help maintain cardiorespiratory homeostasis

69
Q

Why does the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen not change during normal exercise?

A

use of oxygen increases and prouction of CO2 increases, however this is compensated for by corresponding increases in ventilation such that blood gas levels remain in normal limits

70
Q

In what circumstance might the partial pressure of oxygen or carbon dioxide change?

A

During strenuous exercise, when the production of lactic acid results in an acideamia

BRS 6 Cardio and respiratory (26 decks)

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