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Integrated Physiology and Pharmacology > Control of circulation > Flashcards

Control of circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fick principle?

A

The oxygen content of the pulmonary vein is derived from the pulmonary artery blood and O2 uptake across the lungs
Q1 = rate of delivery
Q2 = rate of uptake
Q3 = rate of removal

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2
Q

What is Q1?

A

CO[O2]pa where CO = cardiac output to the lungs

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3
Q

What is Q2?

A

O2 uptake

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4
Q

What is Q3?

A

CO[O2]pv

Q1+Q2= Q3

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5
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

CO = O2 uptake / ([O2]pv - [O2]pa)

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6
Q

How is [O2]pa measured?

A

Pulmonary catheter

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7
Q

How is [O2]pv measured?

A

Peripheral arterial blood

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8
Q

What are the methods used to measure CO?

A

Inert tracer eg indocyanine green; injected into vein/right ventricle and output is proportional to 1/tracer
Thermodilution; cold saline injected into right atrium, mixes with blood and a sensor in the artery measures temperature change which is used to calculate CO
Ultrasound; measures real time changes in ventricular dimensions, allows stroke volume to be calculated

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9
Q

What is the relationship between CO and stroke volume?

A

CO = Stroke volume x heart rate

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10
Q

What is the typical stroke volume?

A

80ml

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11
Q

How much blood is ejected per min at 69bpm?

A

5.5l

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12
Q

What is the cardiac index?

A

CO/body surface area

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13
Q

What is the normal rate of perfusion?

A

2.5 - 3.6 min^-1m^-2

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14
Q

What is Frank Starling’s law of the heart?

A

The energy of contraction, however measured, is a function of the length of muscle fibre

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15
Q

How is CO controlled?

A

Varies by heart rate or stroke volume
The rate of heart beat is mainly controlled by innervation
The stroke volume is regulated by innervation and the length/tension relationship

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16
Q

What are the two types of homeometric control?

A 
Intrinsic contractility changes (homeometric)
Frank Starling (Heterometric)
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17
Q

End diastolic volume is regulated by what?

A

Venous return

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18
Q

Venous return is influenced by what (heterometric control)?

A 
Blood volume increase
Vascular storage decreases
Haemorrhage/blood loss 
Vascular resistance 
Muscle pump action
Atrial sucking
Gravity
Inspiration
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19
Q

How much total blood do veins store?

A

54%

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20
Q

How does haemorrhage cause an increase in CO?

A

Blood loss = decrease in output and vascular storage

Venous return will increase to attempt to increase CO

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21
Q

What is muscle pump action and what is its effect?

A

Increases venous return
Some veins are compressed by muscle
Pump blood from lower limbs = better circulation = increase in venous return ie policeman

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22
Q

Where do patients with heart failure feel comfiest?

A

Sat up - so they can cope with their EDV = reduced venous return

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23
Q

How does inspiration affect cardiac output?

A

If the ribs move up and out then there is an increase in thoracic volume
If volume increases the pressure decreases so air moves in
Sucks blood into the thorax from lower limb which increases venous return and therefore the preload = increases CO

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24
Q

What is homeometric control?

A

Positive inotropic effects not related to nervous sstem/ endocrine functioning (10-15%)
Eg Treppe - strength contraction increases when rate increases

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25
Q

What is extrinsic control?

A

Autonomic nervous system

Humoral factors

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26
Q

What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on cardiac output?

A

Primary chronotropic - Negative (bradychardia), uses Ach muscarinic receptors, blocked by atropine = reduces firing rate of pacemaker
Vagul input slows node firing
Slows conduction through the AV node
Decrease in force per beat

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27
Q

Which node does the right vagus control?

A

The SA node

Left = AVN

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28
Q

What effects does the sympathetic nervous system have on cardiac output?

A

Positive chronotropic and ionotropic effects eg tachycardia
Increases SA firing rate
Increases conduction velocity
Time for systole and diastole increases
Increased contractility as more Ca is available

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29
Q

Noradrenaline B1 receptors can be blocked by what?

A

Propanalol and atenolol

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30
Q

What do B1 receptors cause?

A

They are GPCRs and cause an increase in cAMP/Pka

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31
Q

What do Act^nL type calcium channels do?

A

Increase contractility

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32
Q

What do muscarinic receptors do?

A

Inhibit cAMP production mainly in the nodes

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33
Q

Which system is usually dominant?

A

Parasympathetic

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34
Q

Which humoral factors affect CO?

A

Adrenaline can increase the rate and force but is minor
Thyroid hormones can also increase the rate and force eg hyperthyroidism = high heart rate
Insulin has a positive ionotropic effect unrelated to glucose transport

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35
Q

What is the equation for blood flow?

A

Blood flow cm^3/s = change in pressure/resistance

36
Q

What is poiseulle’s law?

A 
Flow = (pie R^4/8) x (Change in P/nL)
R = radius
P = pressure
N = viscosity
L = vessel length
37
Q

When will blood vessels collapse?

A

If blood pressure falls below the critical closing pressure

Also may be due to extravascular pressure

38
Q

How could the relationship between pressure and flow be described in biological vessels?

A

No linear relationship ie line is curved

39
Q

What is transmeural pressure?

A

Law of Laplace’s

TP = tension/radius

40
Q

What is Laplace’s rule concerning ‘balloons’?

A

If you have a big balloon and a small balloon connected via a tube air will move into the big balloon as the small balloon has a smaller diameter ie it has a bigger pressure

41
Q

What are the consequences of Laplace’s rule concerning aneurysms?

A

When the aneurysm is small it is not a big problem as it is hard to ‘blow up’ however once it gets bigger it becomes easier so the walls get thinner and it can burst

42
Q

What is the equation for complaince?

A

Change in volume/ change in pressure

43
Q

Which vessels are more compliant?

A

Veins as they have less smooth muscle

44
Q

At rest how much blood is stored in veins?

A

54% - this is why they are called capacitance vessels

45
Q

Where will blood pool after death?

A

The underside of the body if they have died on their back

This is important for forensic analysis

46
Q

What is the windkessel effect?

A

Describes how blood vessels store a little bit of pressure ie further away from the heart vessels do not have a pulsative drop to zero?

47
Q

Which vessel is pulsative continuous?

A

The aorta

48
Q

What is the equation for Reynold’s number?

A 
Nr = pDV/ n
p= fluid density
D = vessel diameter
V = mean velocity
n = viscosity
49
Q

Where is turbulent flow required in the cardiovascular system and why?

A

In the ventricles - laminar flow would increase the formation of clots
Ventricle walls have papillary muscles and crevices to create turbulent flow

50
Q

Where in the cardiovascular system is turbulent flow not possible?

A

In capillaries - cells have to travel in a single file as the lumen is 7um and RBCs are 5 um

51
Q

What happens to RBCs as a consequence of turbulent flow?

A

They get damaged and they burst

52
Q

What is the life span of a red blood cell?

A

120 days - reproduced by the spleen and bone marrow

53
Q

What is the percentage of blood volume in the capillaries?

A

5%

54
Q

What is the velocity of blood flow in capillaries?

A

0.07cm/s - very slow

55
Q

What closes capillaries?

A

The sphincter

56
Q

How is tissue fluid formed?

A

Pressure in capillaries means plasma and serum is pushed out of gap junctions in the capillary

57
Q

Where does tissue fluid drain to?

A

The lymphatic system - back into the heart via the right subclavian vein which joins the vena cava

58
Q

How does malnutrition cause swollen stomachs?

A

Low albumin hydrostatic pressure causes fluid to be pushed out

59
Q

Where is pitting oedama dangerous?

A

The brain - the skull can’t expand

The lungs - alveolar fill with fluid = dry drowning (hypoxia due to no gas exchange)

60
Q

The swelling of ankles can be a sign of what?

A

Heart failure - diuretics may be prescribed

61
Q

What does fluid formation depend on?

A

Hydrostatic pressure difference between the capillary and Interstitial fluid
Difference in colloid osmotic pressure
Capillary filtration coefficient

62
Q

What is the effective of histamine?

A

Makes blood vessels leaky = swelling

63
Q

How much does the lymphatic system drain per day?

A

2-4L

64
Q

What is the structure of large arteries?

A

Endothelial lining regulates blood flow
Basement layer
Tunica medium
Vasa Vasorum (vessels of vessels)

65
Q

What is the main difference between large and small arteries?

A

The tunica media is thinner

66
Q

What is the main differences between arteries and veins?

A

The veins have valves to prevent blood backflow

67
Q

Which veins do not have valves?

A

In the head or neck - valves would cause bidirectional flow

68
Q

What is myogenic tone?

A

The stretch of an artery evokes a muscle contraction which prevents the stretch from occuring and causes the vessel to return to its diameter in healthy tissue

69
Q

What can cause vessels to dilate?

A 
pH lowered
Reduced oxygen
Increase in body temperature
Lactate
Increase in potassium
70
Q

Why is innervation density low in the cerebral vasculature?

A

A high blood flow to the vein is always required

71
Q

What are kinins?

A

Vasodilatory peptides

72
Q

What is angiotensin ii?

A

A vasoconstrictor which increases blood pressure - formed by enzymes eg renin

73
Q

What causes serotonin to be produced locally?

A

If platelets are damaged they produce serotonin to initiate the clotting cascade

74
Q

What is endothelium derived relaxing factor?

A

Released after stimulation eg by Ach
NO is released from endothelial cells
Stimulates cGMP in muscles = relaxation

75
Q

What is the action of viagra?

A

Inhibits the breakdown of cGMP = no muscle relaxation

76
Q

What is nitroglycerin?

A

A treatment for angina which is sprayed under the tongue = NO is released which causes vasodilation so flow and O2 supply increases
Also reduces venous return so contractility decreases and the heart can rest

77
Q

What does the cardioaccelatory centre do?

A

Increases heart rate

78
Q

Where do the cardioacceloratory and cardioinhibitory centers send signals to?

A

Spinal cord levels at T1 and T4

79
Q

What is the action of the vagus nerve?

A

It is inhibitory

80
Q

The enviroment around medullary neurons respond to what?

A

pH, pCO2 (increase), and PO2 (decrease)

81
Q

What is coning?

A

Where the brainstem becomes distorted - increase CO2 so they can breathe more quickly

82
Q

What does the cushing reflex lead to?

A

Vasoconstriction so BP increases but also causes bradcardia = high risk of death

83
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

In the corotid sinus and the aortic arch (detect high pressure)

84
Q

What is the valsave manoevre?

A

Forced expiration against a close glottis
Increases thoracic blood pressure
Venous return is reduced so blood pressure decreases = decrease in barorecptor activity = tachycardia and vasoconstriction

85
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

The parasympathetic NS
Linked to the cortex and the limbic system
Ermergency situations/ responses

86
Q

What does the medial preoptic area control?

A

Sexual responses

87
Q

What does the anterior cingulate control?

A

Coordination between autonomic and emotional responses

eg in some animals under threat BP drops so they can play dead

Integrated Physiology and Pharmacology (17 decks)

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