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CMB > Control of Cell Division and Cell Growth > Flashcards

Control of Cell Division and Cell Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Organ and body size are determined by three fundamental processes:

A
  1. Cell growth
  2. Cell division
  3. Cell survival
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2
Q

The extracellular signal molecules that regulate cell growth, division, and survival are generally _____ , _____ , or _____ .

A
  1. Soluble secreted proteins
  2. Proteins bound to the surface of cells
  3. Components of the extracellular matrix
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3
Q

The extracellular signal molecules that regulate cell growth, division, and survival can be divided into three major classes:

A
  1. Mitogens
  2. Growth Factors
  3. Survival Factors
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4
Q

Stimulate cell division, primarily by triggering a wave of G1/S-Cdk activity that relieves intracellular negative controls that otherwise lock progress through the cell cycle.

A

Mitogens

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5
Q

Stimulate cell growth by promoting the synthesis of proteins and macromolecules and inhibiting their degradation.

A

Growth Factors

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6
Q

Promote cell survival by suppressing the form of apoptosis

A

Survival Factors

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7
Q

The rate of proliferation depends on the _______ .

A

The availability of nutrients in the environment

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8
Q

The cell of a multicellular organism divide only when the organism ______ .

A

Needs more cells

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9
Q

The first mitogens to be identified

A

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

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10
Q

Is prepared by removing the cells from blood without allowing clotting to occur

A

Plasma

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11
Q

Is prepared by allowing blood to clot and taking the cell-free liquid that remains

A

Serum

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12
Q

PDGF can stimulate many cell to divide including _____ , _____ , and _____ .

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Smooth muscle cells
  3. Neuroglial cells
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13
Q

Stimulates division of epidermal cells, including epithelial and nonepithelial cells.

A

Epidermal Growth Factor

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14
Q

Inhibitory signal proteins that inhibits the proliferation of several cell types by blocking cell-cycle progression in G1.

A

Transforming growth factor β (TGBβ)

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15
Q

A state in which the cell-cycle control system is completely dismantled

A

Terminally differentiated G0 state

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16
Q

Most of the _____ and _____ _____ cells are in a terminally differentiated G0 state.

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Skeletal Muscle Cells
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17
Q

A monomeric GTPase that activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) cascade, leading to increased production of transcription regulatory proteins like Myc.

A

Ras

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18
Q

A signaling pathway activated by Ras

A

Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Cascade

19
Q

A transcription regulatory protein that promote cell-cycle entry by increasing the expression of genes encoding G1 cyclins, thereby increasing G1-Cdk activity.

A

Myc

20
Q

Bind to specific DNA sequences in promoters of genes that encode for proteins required for S-phase entry.

A

E2F Proteins

21
Q

Protein that inhibit the expression of E2F-dependent gene by binding to E2F in absence of mitogenic stimulation

A

Retinoblastoma Protein (Rb) Family

22
Q

DNA damage can occur as a result of ______ , ______ , or ______ .

A
  1. Spontaneous chemical reactions in DNA
  2. Errors in DNA Replication
  3. Exposure to radiation or certain chemicals
23
Q

The cell-cycle control system can detect DNA damage and arrest the cycle at either of two transitions:

A
  1. Start (prevents entry into S phase)
  2. G2/M Transition (prevents entry into mitosis)
24
Q

Protein kinases that are phosphorylated by ATM and ATR in occurrence of DNA damage

A

Chk1 and Chk2

25
Q

A pair of protein kinases that are activated by a signaling pathway initiated by DNA damage

A

ATM and ATR

26
Q

A phenomenon where proliferation slows down and finally halts, and he cells enter a non-dividing state from which they never recover.

A

Replicative Cell Senescence

27
Q

A type of human cell that typically undergo about 25–50 population doublings in culture before entering a nondividing state

A

Fibroblasts

28
Q

Th repetitive DNA sequences and associated proteins at the ends of chromosomes

A

Telomeres

29
Q

The enzyme responsible for synthesizing telomeric DNA sequences and forming protective cap structures at chromosome ends

A

Telomerase

30
Q

Why do human fibroblasts experience telomere shortening with every cell division?

A

Because they do not produce telomerase.

31
Q

What cellular mechanism is activated when exposed chromosome ends are detected as DNA damage in human cells?

A

p53-dependent cell-cycle arrest

32
Q

What effect does overexpression of Myc have on cells?

A

Stimulates excessive cell growth and proliferation, promoting cancer development.

33
Q

What cell-cycle inhibitor protein is often produced in response to excessive mitogenic stimulation?

A

Arf

34
Q

What protein does Arf inhibit, which normally promotes p53 degradation?

A

Mdm2

35
Q

What happens to p53 levels when Arf is activated?

A

p53 levels increase, inducing either cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis

36
Q

What would happen to cell size if cells proliferated without growing?

A

Cells would progressively get smaller.

37
Q

Extracellular signal molecules that stimulate cell growth in animal cells

A

Growth Factors

38
Q

What is the role of mitogens in cell proliferation?

A

stimulate cell division

39
Q

What intracellular signaling enzyme is activated by growth factor receptors and leads to TOR activation?

A

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)

40
Q

A protein kinase activated by TOR which phosphorylates ribosomal protein S6, increasing the ability of ribosomes to translate mRNA that encode ribosomal components.

A

S6 kinase

41
Q

Which translation initiation factor is indirectly activated by TOR?

A

eIF4E

42
Q

If cells
grow too slowly, they will ________ with each division, and if they grow too fast,
they will _______ with each division.

A
  1. Get smaller
  2. Get larger
43
Q

What types of animal cells can grow significantly after permanently withdrawing from the cell cycle?

A

Muscle cells and nerve cells

44
Q

A specific type of neuron in mammals that has its size regulated by the amount of nerve growth factor (NGF)

A

Adult sympathetic neurons

CMB (5 decks)

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