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CMB > Cell Signaling Part 2 > Flashcards

Cell Signaling Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Are transmembrane proteins with their ligand-binding domain on the outer surface.

A

Enzyme-coupled Receptors

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2
Q

How many transmembrane segments does enzyme-coupled receptors typically have?

A

One

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3
Q

The extracellular region of an RTK where signal proteins (ligands) bind to activate the receptor

A

Ligand-binding domain

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4
Q

The process where two RTKs pair up after ligand binding, enabling activation of their kinase domains

A

Dimerization

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5
Q

Binding sites created on the cytosolic part of RTKs after phosphorylation, allowing intracellular signaling proteins to attach and relay the signal.

A

Phosphotyrosine Docking Sites

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6
Q

A type of RTK where dimerization brings kinase domains together, allowing them to phosphorylate each other and fully activate.

A

Insulin Receptor

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7
Q

Activated by conformational changes in the kinase domains caused by their interaction, rather than phosphorylation.

A

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)

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8
Q

What activates the kinase domains of Epidermal Growth Factors Receptor?

A

Conformational changes

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9
Q

Main Human Ras Proteins

A

H-Ras, K-Ras, and N-Ras

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10
Q

A group of monomeric GTPases, including Ras and Rho families, that relay signals from cell-surface receptors to coordinate multiple signaling pathways.

A

Ras Superfamily

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11
Q

Two classes of signaling proteins that regulate Ras activity:

A
  1. Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Ras-GEFs)
  2. Ras GTPase-activating proteins (Ras-GAPs)
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12
Q

Ras regulating protein that stimulate the dissociation of GDP and the subsequent uptake of GTP from the cytosol, thereby activating Ras

A

Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Ras-GEFs)

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13
Q

Ras regulating protein that increase the rate of hydrolysis of bound GTP by Ras, thereby inactivating Ras.

A

Ras GTPase-activating proteins (Ras-GAPS)

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14
Q

Mutant forms of Ras that resist GAP-mediated inactivation, remaining locked in the active state and contributing to cancer.

A

Hyperactive Mutant Ras

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15
Q

Two ways for RTKs to activate Ras

A
  1. Activate Ras-GEFs
  2. Inactivate Ras-GAPs
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16
Q

An RTK in Drosophila required for forming the R7 photoreceptor, linked to Ras activation via Sos.

A

Sevenless (Sev)

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17
Q

A Ras-GEF discovered in Drosophila, essential for activating Ras in the RTK signaling pathway.

A

Sos (Son-of-sevenless)

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18
Q

Reverses tyrosine phosphorylations

A

Tyrosine-specific Protein Phosphatases

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19
Q

Converts short-lived RTK and Ras signals into longer-lasting signals to relay them downstream to the nucleus for altering gene expression.

A

Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase

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20
Q

Components of MAP Kinase Module

A
  1. MAPK (Erk)
  2. MAPKK (Mek)
  3. MAPKKK (Raf)
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21
Q

Enters the nucleus and phosphorylates components of transcription regulatory complexes, initiating immediate early gene transcription.

A

MAPK (Erk)

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22
Q

Ras Activation of MAP Kinase Module

A

Ras activates MAPKKK (Raf), which phosphorylates and activates MAPKK (Mek), which then phosphorylates and activates MAPK (Erk)

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23
Q

Genes activated within minutes of RTK signaling

A

Immediate Early Genes

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24
Q

Ras–MAP-Kinase pathway

A

Conveys signals from the cell surface to the nucleus and alters the pattern of gene expression.

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25
Q

Help prevent cross-talk between parallel MAP Kinase modules.

A

Scaffold Proteins

26
Q

MAP Kinase modules that are activated by diff. kinds of cell stresses (e. g., UV, heat shock, osmotic stress)

A

JNK & p38

27
Q

Functions of Scaffold Proteins

A
  1. Avoid cross-talk of signaling pathways to ensure response specificity
  2. Reduce amplification and spreading of signal to diff. parts of the cell
28
Q

Functions of Rho Family Monomeric GTPases

A
  1. Regulate both the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, controlling cell shape, polarity, motility, and adhesion.
  2. regulate cell-cycle progression, gene transcription, and membrane
    transport
  3. guidance of cell migration and nerve axon outgrowth
29
Q

Three best-characterized family members of the Rho Family

A
  1. Rho
  2. Rac
  3. Cdc42
30
Q

Inactive Rho family GTPases are often bound to ________ in the cytosol.

A

Guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs)

31
Q

Surface of motor neurons and helps guide the migration of the tip of the axon (called a growth cone) to its muscle target.

A

Eph family of RTKs

32
Q

Activates the
Rho protein RhoA

A

Ephexin

33
Q

Controls cell fate choices and regulates pattern formation during the development of most tissues, as well as in the continual renewal of tissues.

A

Notch Receptor Protein

34
Q

When a precursor cell commits to becoming a neural cell and signals to its immediate neighbors not to do the same

A

Lateral Inhibition

35
Q

Transmembrane protein that activates contact-dependent signaling mechanisms

A

Delta

36
Q

A single-pass transmembrane protein that requires proteolytic processing to function; acts as latent transcription regulator

A

Notch Proteins

37
Q

The protease responsible for the final cleavage of the Notch tail.

A

γ-secretase

38
Q

are secreted signal molecules that act as local mediators and morphogens

A

Wnt Proteins

39
Q

Signaling pathways activated by Wnt Proteins

A
  1. Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  2. Planar polarity pathway
40
Q

Is centered on the latent transcription regulator β-catenin

A

Wnt/β-catenin pathway

41
Q

Coordinates the polarization of cells in the plane of a developing epithelium and depends on Rho family GTPases.

A

Planar polarity pathway

42
Q

Wnt/β-catenin pathway acts by regulating the proteolysis of the multifunctional protein _______ .

A

β-catenin

43
Q

A portion of the cell’s β-catenin is located at _______ and thereby contributes to the control of cell–cell adhesion

A

cell–cell junctions

44
Q

phosphorylates the β-catenin

A

casein kinase 1 (CK1)

45
Q

hold the protein degradation complex together

A

axin and Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)

46
Q

Four proteins in the Protein degradation Complex:

A
  1. casein kinase 1 (CK1)
  2. glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)
  3. Axin
  4. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)
47
Q

Secreted signal molecules and act as local mediators and morphogens

A

Hedgehog Proteins

48
Q

Mutation of the Hedgehog gene produces a larva
covered with _______ .

A

spiky processes (denticles)

49
Q

Three genes
encode Hedgehog proteins in vertebrates

A
  1. Sonic hedgehog
  2. Desert hedgehog
  3. Indian hedgehog
50
Q

The effects of Hedgehog are mediated by a latent transcription regulator called _______ .

A

Cubitus interruptus (Ci)

51
Q

Hedgehog works by preventing the proteolytic processing of Ci, converting it into a transcriptional activator. This process involves three transmembrane proteins:

A

Patched, iHog, and Smoothened

52
Q

Are latent transcription regulators that are present in most animal cells and are central to many stressful, inflammatory, and innate immune responses.

A

NFkB Signaling Pathway

53
Q

Five NFκB proteins in mammals

A
  1. RelA
  2. RelB,
  3. c-Rel
  4. NFκB1
  5. NFκB2
54
Q

Inhibitory proteins called _____ bind
tightly to the dimers and hold them in an inactive state within the cytoplasm of
unstimulated cells.

A

IκB

55
Q

Three major IκB proteins in mammals

A

IκB α, β, and ε

56
Q

Cell-surface receptors that activate the NFκB signaling pathway

A
  1. Toll Receptors (Drosophila)
  2. Toll-like Receptors (vertebrates)
  3. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)
  4. Interleukin-1 (IL1)
57
Q

Ligands that activate nuclear receptors:

A
  1. Steroid hormones
  2. thyroid hormones
  3. retinoids
  4. vitamin D
58
Q

The fundamental principle underlying circadian clock function is ________ .

A

Negative Feedback Loops

59
Q

Internal oscillators that control the diurnal rhythms that dictates different behaviors as different times of day.

A

Circadian clocks

60
Q

Controls the diurnal cycles of sleeping and waking, body temp, and hormone release.

A

SCN cells of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

61
Q

Circadian clock is characterized by the accumulation and decay of two transcription regulatory proteins:

A
  1. Tim (Timeless)
  2. Per (Period)

CMB (5 decks)

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