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Cardiovascular > Control of Blood Pressure > Flashcards

Control of Blood Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

which vessels are muscular and elastic?

A

arteries

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2
Q

describe arterioles

A

thinner than main arteries but muscular

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3
Q

which vessels are thinned walled, burst under high pressure because they can not change diameter?

A

capillary

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4
Q

what do veins and venules act as?

A

conduits and reservoirs

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5
Q

where is approx 70% of blood volume within circulation?

A

in venous circulation - they act as drainage and have large diameter vessels and can enter active circulation whenever

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6
Q

what are conduits?

A

channel for conveying water/ fluid

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7
Q

define heart rate

A

number of times the heart beats in a minute

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8
Q

what is a normal heart rate?

A

60-100 bpm

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9
Q

define stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected from the heart in one beat

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10
Q

what is the stroke volume at rest usually?

A

70ml per beat

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11
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

the volume of blood ejected from the heart per minute

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12
Q

what is usual cardiac output?

A

5l of blood pumped in a minute

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13
Q

what is classed as bradycardic?

A

less than 60bpm

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14
Q

what bpm starts to show signs of bradycardia?

A

50 or less

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15
Q

what is tachycardia?

A

heart rate greater than 100 bpm

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16
Q

what is the calculation to get Cardiac output?

A

SV x Hr

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17
Q

define mean arterial blood pressure

A

average pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of major arteries

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18
Q

what is an average MABP at rest?

A

107mmHg

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19
Q

why is peripheral resistance hard to measure?

A

invasive procedure - aortic catherization

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20
Q

what three factors affect arterial blood pressure?

A
  1. circulatory volume (stroke vol)
  2. force of ventricular contraction
  3. elasticity of arteries
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21
Q

can stroke volume be altered?

A

yes - endurance exercises

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22
Q

what happens to arterial elasticity with age?

A

arterial stretch declines with age. Gradual thickening and changes in wall content - less elastin, advanced glycation, more inflammation, build up of ROS

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23
Q

what is the pressure of MABP as it reaches RA?

A

0 - end of journey

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24
Q

what three factors affect resistance?

A
  1. viscosity of blood
  2. length of vessels
  3. radius of vessels
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25
for every pound you put on, how much more vessels are made?
5 miles
26
which vessels have the largest role to play within vascular resistance?
arterioles, capillaries and venules
27
when does the blood have the fastest velocity?
through aorta and arteries but it fluctuates with each beat
28
which nerve slows the heart rate down?
vagus nerve
29
how does the vagus nerve slow heart rate?
cardioinhibitory works via parasympathetic systems. The activity of the vagus nerve results in Ach being released
30
which cranial nerve is the vagus nerve?
X
31
what increases the heart rate? (system)
cardio-accelarator via sympathetic NS where noradrenaline is released
32
where does the glossopharyngeal nerve do?
provides sensory information from baroreceptor to medulla.
33
which cranial nerve is the glossopharyngeal?
cranial nerve IX
34
where are the baroreceptors within the heart
arch of aorta and carotid sinus of the brachiocephalic artery
35
what are sensory neurones known as and where do they go?
afferent - go back to the brain
36
what are motor neurones and where do they go?
efferent and go to organs/ muscles
37
during rest what are the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS doing to the heart?
providing slight stimulation contributing to autonomic tone
38
what is the role of baroreceptors?
detect change in pressue
39
How do baroreceptors detect change in blood pressure?
by atrial stretch - the more they are stretched the higher the blood pressure and the more they fire signals
40
what do atrial myocytes releae?
atrial natriuretic peptides
41
what do ANP do?
vasodilate promotes Na+ secretion (water follows) inhibits secretion of ADH (vasopressin) only mechanism to lower BP
42
what is the NICE definition of hypertension?
having high blood pressure measurement that is consistently above 140/90 mmHg
43
how many people worldwide are affected by hypertension?
16 million people
44
what primary hypertension is also known as?
essential hypertension
45
is primary hypertension common?
yes -97% of hypertension cases
46
what does primary hypertension mean?
no clear cause - many factors involved
47
what can cause primary hypertension?
1. haemodynamic factors 2. physiological factors 3. lifestyle
48
what are haemodynamic and physiological factors contributing to hypertension
- total circulating fluid volume - vascular resistance - plasma renin activity - malfunctioning ion channels/ pumps in peripheral vasculature can lead to chronic increased stroke volume
49
what can contribute to lifestyle factors contributing to hypertension?
diet, stress, sodium intake, alcohol use, medications, drug use, oral contraceptives, corticosteriods
50
define secondary hypertension
another underlying disease eg CKD, atherosclerosis
51
can hypertension fluctuate?
yes - during normal daily activities eg sleeping (lower)
52
define polycythaemia and what is another name for it?
increased red blood cells - erthyocytosis
53
where are baroreceptors within the kidney?
juxtaglomerular cells
54
where is adrenaline released from?
adrenal medulla in response to lowered BP
55
what are the functions of adrenaline?
1. speeds up Hr 2. increases force of ventricular contraction 3. dilate skeletal muscle and constricts splanchnic vascular beds 4. diverts blood to other places that needs eg shifts to muscles in fight or flight response is triggered
56
what is splanchnic ciruclation?
goes to organs within abdo cavity
57
what is antidiuretic hormone is also known as?
vasopressin
58
where is ADH released from?
released from posterior part of pituitary in response to decreased blood pressure and increased plasma osmolarity
59
how does alcohol effect ADH?
slows down the release of ADH
60
how does ADH work?
1. promotes reabsorption of water in the kidney 2. constricts blood vessels
61
where is renin released from?
juxtaglomerular cells in the wall of the afferent arterioles of kidney glomeruli
62
when is renin released in response to?
to lower kidney perfusion caused by lowered BP
63
what does ACE do?
convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II
64
what does angiotensin lead to the secretion of?
aldosterone
65
what does aldosterone do?
reabsorb NaCl2 and H20
66
what is the medical terms of extreme thirst?
dipsogenic/ polydipsia
67
what is hyperplasmia?
enlargement of organ/ tissues by cell proliferation
68
what is polyuria?
constant need to wee
69
Does ANP affect renin?
can slow the release of renin
70
where is ACE produced?
in the lungs
71
where is ACE released from?
kidneys
72
what is conn's disease?
primary aldosteronism
73
how does conn's present as?
symptoms - polydipsia, polyuria, persistent hypokalaemia
74
what is the pathology of conns disease?
high levels of plasma aldosterone
75
what causes primary aldosteronism?
tumours/ hyperplasia of the cortex
76
how is conns managed?
laproscopic removal of adrenal gland spironoactone
77
what can cause hypotension?
dehydration heart failure heart attack shock orthostatic hypotension

Cardiovascular (14 decks)

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