control of blood glucose levels

Question 1

normal blood glucose level?

Answer 1

For the majority of healthy individuals, normal blood glucose levels are as follows:
•Between 4.0 to 5.4 mmol/L when fasting
•Up to 7.8 mmol/L 2 hours after eating

Question 2

what happens when insulin dominates

Answer 2

• glucose oxidation increase
• glycogen synthesis increase
• fat synthesis increase
• protein synthesis increase

Question 3

what happens when glucagon dominates

Answer 3

• glycogenolysis increase
• gluconeogenesis
• ketogenesis

Question 4

effect of insulin

Answer 4

• insulin cause cells of the muscles, the liver, and other organs to become permeable to glucose
• the glucose leaves the blood and enters the cell

Question 5

blood glucose levels of people with diabetes

Answer 5

for people with diabetes, blood glucose level targets are as follows:
•Before meals: 4 to 7 mmol/L for people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes
•After meals: under 9 mmol/L for people with type 1 diabetes and under 8.5mmol/L for people with type 2 diabetes

Question 6

what is type 1 diabetes

Answer 6

Type 1 
•Autoimmune disease
•No longer produces insulin
•Diet, exercise or other lifestyle changes cannot reverse the condition
•Beta cells have been destroyed
•Dependent on insulin

Question 7

what is type 2 diabetes

Answer 7

(non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM))•Insulin resistance
•Doesn’t produce enough insulin or body is resistant to it
•Diet, exercise or medication can help the body produce insulin effectively
•Beta cells deteriorate over time
•Insulin injections may be needed at some point

Question 8

common symptoms of diabetes and the causes (7)

Answer 8

symptoms- increased thirst and increased urination
cause- glucose is eliminated by the kidneys resulting in increased urination- causing dehydration and increased thirst.

symptoms- increased tiredness
cause-it is not available as fuel for the production of energy in the form of ATP - causing tiredness

symptoms- weight loss
cause-the body cannot get glucose from the blood into the body’s cells to use as energy

symptoms- genital itching or thrush
cause- high levels of glucose in the urine encourage fungal infections

symptoms- cuts or wounds take longer to heal
cause- high blood glucose causes inflammation which slows down the wound healing process

symptoms-blurred vision
cause- high blood glucose causes the lens of the eye to swell which causes blurred vision

Question 9

treatments of type 2 diabetes

Answer 9

Diet – to aid weight loss and control blood glucose concentration
•Exercise – to aid weight loss
•Drug treatment by Metformin – an antihyperglycemic agent
–It improves glycaemic control by:•decreasing hepatic glucose production
•decreasing glucose absorption
•increasing insulin-mediated glucose uptak

Question 10

treatments of type 1 diabetes

Answer 10

injecting insulin

Question 11

hyperglycaemic effects of glucagon and hyperglycaemic effects of insulin

Answer 11

After you’ve eaten, the concentration of glucose in your blood rises. When it goes too high the pancreas releases insulin into the bloodstream. This insulin stimulates the liver to convert the blood glucose into glycogen for storage. If the blood sugar goes too low, the pancreas release glucagon, which causes the liver to turn stored glycogen back into glucose and release it into the blood.