Control and Regulation 1

Question 1

What is metabolism?

Answer 1

Metabolism is the biochemical modification of chemical compounds in living organisms and cells

Question 2

What is anabolism and catabolism?

Answer 2

Anabolism - synthesis
Catabolism - breakdown

Question 3

What is metabolism required for?

Answer 3

Acquisition and utilisation of ENERGY
SYNTHESIS of molecules needed for cell structure and function
GROWTH and development
REMOVAL of waste products.

Question 4

What is an enzyme cascade?

Answer 4

Mechanism to amplify and diversify the action of a hormone.
It uses second messengers such as cyclic AMP to amplify and transduce the message
Occurs by enzymes undergoing conformational change

Question 5

What are the 5 mechanisms by which hormones are elicited?

Answer 5

Endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, synaptic, and neuroendocrine.

Question 6

What is the effect of insulin?

Answer 6

Increasing glycogen synthesis, fatty acid synthesis and esterification of fatty acids. It decreases protein breakdown (proteinolysis), fat breakdown (lipolysis) and gluconeogenesi

Question 7

Describe general principles of metabolism:

Answer 7

Metabolic pathways are highly regulated
Organised into biochemical or metabolic ‘Pathways’ – each a step-by-step series of linked reactions
Metabolite intermediates exist
Very large number of pathways but the specific types of reactions are small
Carbon oxidation is what drives ATP synthesis - oxidative phosphorylation