Control and Communications Flashcards
Chromosomes contain…
Genetic material (DNA) that give us individual characteristics
A section of a chromosome is called…
A gene
Every species of living organism has a…
Characteristic number of chromosomes called its Chromosome Complement
Humans have…
Dogs have…
Potatos have…
H: 46 Chromosomes, 23 Pairs
D: 78 Chromosomes, 39 Pairs
P: 24 Chromosomes, 12 Pairs
A cell that has two matching sets of chromosomes is known as…
Diploid
Normal body cells contain two matching sets of chromosomes so they are…
Diploid
Sex cells only contain a single set of chromosomes so they are called…
Haploid
Sex cells must be haploid because…
The nuclei of two haploid sex cells fuse together during fertilisation in order to produce a diploid zygote
Cell lifespans include…
Skin Cells: two weeks
Sperm Cell: 3 days
Brain Cell: your lifetime
The Nervous System is composed of two parts…
The Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nerves: connect the CNS to all parts of the body
The brain is composed of…
Several complex parts all working together in order to send and receive information from around the body
The medulla is found… and controls…
At the top of the spinal cord… heart rate, breathing rate and peristalsis
The cerebrum is… and is responsible for…
The large folded area of the brain… conscious thoughts, reasoning, memory and emotion
The cerebellum is found… and controls…
At the rear of the brain… balance and coordinated movement
Sensory Receptors are found… these detect…
In all parts of the body… sensory stimuli from the environment and produce an electrical signal that is picked up by Sensory Neurons and carried to the Central Nervous System
Receptors and Stimuli…
Eye : Light
Ear : Sound
Tongue : Chemicals
Nose : Chemicals
Skin : Touch, Pain, Temperature
Information passes along the neurons through…
Electrical impulses
The three types of neurons are…
Sensory Neurons: carry information from the sensory receptors to the CNS
Inter Neurons: carry information between the sensory neurons and the motor neurons within the CNS
Motor Neurons: carry information from the CNS to the effectors (muscles or glands)
Reflex arc S.I.M stands for…
Sensory . Inter . Motor
Reflex reactions are…
An involuntary response to a harmful stimulus - this protects you from harm.
Example: dodging an object flying towards your head
Reflex responses have to…
Be extremely fast, so they bypass the brain by only travelling through the spinal cord
There is a gap between each neuron that the electrical impulse has to cross in order to…
Pass on its message - this is called the synapse.
Information is carried across the synapse by…
Chemicals called neurotransmitters
Hormones are chemical messengers that are found in the…
Endocrine system
The endocrine system is made up of…
Endocrine glands which release hormones into the bloodstream: the hormones travel to their target organs
Hormones are carried to all organs through the bloodstream but only affect…
Their target organs
Target organs have cells with…
Complementary receptor proteins for specific hormones
Hormone, Gland, Target Organ, Effect
Oestrogen, Ovary, Uterus, Control of puberty and menstruation
Insulin, Pancreas, Liver, Controls blood glucose concentration
Adrenaline, Adrenal, Vital Organs, Prepares body for fight or flight action
Testosterone, Testes, Male Reproduction Organs, Control of puberty
Homeostasis is the…
Maintenance of a constant internal environment
Your internal conditions have to be kept at certain levels. Examples of these include…
Blood Glucose Levels
Temperature
Oxygen Levels
Salt/Ion Levels
Blood glucose regulation is controlled by two hormones…
Insulin and glucagon
The function of the CNS is…
To process sensory information. The CNS receieves electrical impulses from sensory neurons connected to the sense organs.
To coordinate the body’s response. The CNS transmits electrical impulses, along motor neurons, to glands and muscles.
Muscles produce rapid responses by contracting. Glands produce responses more slowly by releasing chemicals.
