Control and Command Flashcards
Explain TENR
Threat, Exposure, Necessity, Response
Define Threat
Individual, and act, or anything likely to cause harm or potentially hinder Police in the performance of their duties
Define Exposure
Potential for harm to people (physical or otherwise), or the security of places and things
Define Necessity
Need to intervene now, later, not at all
Define Response
Any response is proportionate and based on assessment of Threat, Exposure and Necessity
The response to any situation must be…
Considered, timely, and proportionate
What is Control?
Control refers to the responsibility for coordinating and directing response to an incident. Includes the authroity to assign tasks to another agency, coordinate their actions to integrate a wider response.
Control does not include ownership or administration of another agencies resources
How is Control applied?
Operates horizontally between response agencies
What is Command?
Command is the Internal ownership of a response agency; admin, responsibility and direction of that agency as part of the wider response.
NZ Police consider it “the authority that a Commander in NZP lawfully exercises over assigned staff by virtue of rank or assignment”.
It operates vertically within an organisation.
What are the three essential elements of Command and Control?
- Leadership
- Decision making
- Control
What is a decision log
A record of key decisions made by the controller/commander
Why does NZP use CIMS as its command and control model (5)
- Provides one model of command, control and coordination
- It is consistent and required in any interagency response in NZ
- It is understood and practiced by our multiagnecy partners
- It is consistent with command, control and coordination SOPs already in place
- It is already practiced at all levels of Police
What three specific command levels do police conduct duties
- Tactical
- Operational
- Strategic
Do all events and incidents at all levels require Commanders
Not for Operational or Strategic levels but all Tactical level events, no matter how minor has a tactical level commander
Almost all Policing occurs at what command level?
Provide examples of functions undertaken by a commander at this level (5)
Tactical command level.
- Command of inner cordon,
- command of immediate situation,
- Command of all Police and resources within cordons,
- Command within intent provided by operational Commander and Strategic Commander (if one is appointed)
- Manage interagency coordination at a tactical level
When does an operational Command level exist?
What are the functions of Operational level Command (5)
Command level exists where there is are:
- multiple tactical level activities
- complexity requires higher level of command
Functions under taken at this level include:
- Command of the overall incident or incidents (including Police response)
- Command over resource distribution to support tactical commanders,
- Command the response outside area of tactical deployment e.g AOS Op,
- Manage interagency coordination at operational level
- Command response within the strategic Commanders intent
When is strategic command level applied.
Provide functions at this level (4)
Applies when the scope, consequence, community or political implications of an event is significant and requires dedicated attention.
Functions include:
- Command overall Police response,
- Command multiple operational level activities like cross district events,
- Command the community consultation response,
- Provide liaison between the Operation and Police Executive, government, media and agencies.
What are the principles of COMMAND & CONTROL (5)
- Unity of CaC. Only one CaC structure at one time
- Span of CaC. flexible but between 2 - 7 direct reports
- Continuity of CaC. not disrupted during transfer of authority
- Delegation of CaC. centralisation at CaC, decentralisation at execution.
- Obligations of CaC. CaC’er responsible for Health and Safety of staff and wider reputation of Police.
Explain Unity of CaC
- Only one Control or Command Structure
- Controller/Commander responsible for succesful outcome of Op
- Has authority to control all police resources commited to operation
- Clear chain of command
What is internationally recognised SPAN of control (in direct reports)
2 - 7, depending on the complexity of the incident or operation
In terms of CONTINUITY of CaC what must it be?
Sustainable. This includes a mechanism whereby CaC can delegate tasks and have have identified officers as replacements as necessary. There must be a process to ensure operations are not disrupted or delayed during the transfer of authroity
What must occur when controllers and commanders are DELEGATED responsibility for their parts of an operation
At all levels Controllers and Commanders should be given the necessary direction and resources to conduct the task without interference.
What are the OBLIGATIONS of a Controller or Commander (4)
- Responsible for Community safety
- Responsibel for health and wellbeing of staff
- Responsible for the wider reputation of Police
- They behave lawfully, ethically and professionally
What is an “appreciation”
A process for problem solving and decision making
What is the police “appreciation” format?
AFCO.
- Aim
- Factors
- Course of Action
- Outline Plan
Were is the Aim derived from?
How is it written?
Guidance or intent set from higher control or command level. If no higher level of commander is appointed, the commander of the Police response must determine the the Aim.
Generally starts ‘To’ will outline ‘what’ of the operation can include ‘how, when, why or where’.
What is a “factor”?
A factor is the circumstance, facts or influences which might impact on the conduct of the operation
What factors should always be considered? (14)
- Ground (terrain and location)
- Time and space (changes to scene ie school finishing, peak traffic; tide)
- Weather (forecast; winds etc)
- Risk (TENR, to staff, public, offenders, reputation)
- Legislation (power to act/arrest)
- Budget
- Media
- Political considerations
- Police role (why are we here?)
- Log (planning phase log, event log, decision log)
- Health and Safety
- Intelligence
- Community impact assessment (affecting Trust and confidence)
- Offenders (most likely course & most dangerous course of action)
What three headings should be in an outline plan?
SME
- Situation
- Mission
- Execution
What is an Action plan
Refered to in CIMS as an Action plan, also known as an operation order. Details desired outcome, key tasks for management of an incident, and the measures that will be taken to achieve outcome.
What is the duration of an Action Plan
For an operational period defined by the controller, which allows sufficient time fo the plans objectives to be achieved
When are new action plans developed (3)
- Objectives in original plan acheived
- Significant situation change where original objectives can’t be met
- Objectives changed by controller
What are the principles of an operation order/action plan?
OP Orders should be written, and myst be Clear and Simple, as Accurate as possible and clearly Capable of Execution
What is the format for Op orders?
GSMEAC
- Ground
- Situation
- Mission
- Execution
- Administration and Logistics
- Command and Signals
How many sentences make up the mission statement?
One (and it should start with “To…”)
Who must be named in command and signals?
Controller and 2IC
How must operation orders be presented?
In a formal Orders Group (or O group) by the Controller
How must orders be given?
Directly to the person receiving them
How should questions be handled?
In an allotted question time, specifically from each recipient (no general q’s)
What is the NCCC and MOC.
National Command and Control Centre and Major Operations Centre, both located at PNHQ.
Where an incident or emergency requires higher level of CaC, or the management of inter district support, they may take responsibility for coordinating all significant or national and international operations
NCCC operates 24/7
MOC activated depending on level of support required
What is RIOD (3)?
- Real time Intelligence for Operational Deployment emergency management system which is used to support and command operations across the Police.
- It provides a common operating picture based on a ‘single source of truth’ to enhance siutation awareness, and facilitate planning and collaboration
- Used to provide common platform linking Intel, Ops and deployment to enable Police to be well informed, well planned and well directed
What is CIMS
Coordinated Incident Management System
What does CIMS define an ‘incident’ as?
Occurance that needs a response from one or more agencies. Most are emergencies, though also used to manage incidents such as large public gatherings
What is the purpose of CIMS (2)
- Establishing common structures, functions, terminology within framework that is flexible, modular and scaleable so it can be tailored to circumstances of incident
- Enable agencies to develop own processes, procedures and training for executionof CIMS
For CIMS what is the definition of an Emergency
A situation posing immediate risk to life, health, property or the environment that requires a coordinated response
What are the components of emergency management (4Rs)
4Rs
- Risk Reduction (measures such as health promotion, bulding code etc)
- Readiness (Recovery needs to be included in readiness planning)
- Response (to manage consequences of hazards, support affected communities, establish basis for recovery)
- Recovery
What are some common response objectives (10)
- Preserve life
- Preserve economic and social acticity
- Preserve governance
- Protect assets, including buildings and their contents
- Protect natural and physical resources
- prevent escalation of the emergency
- Provide essential services
- Provide animal welfare
- maintain law and order
- Care for sick, injured and dependant
What are the CIMS principles (3)
- Responsive to Community needs. Any response mitigate/manage consequences on community, Personel must recognise rights of individual, treated with fariness and dignity. Communities to actively participate rather than wait for assistance
- Flexibility. Allows CIMS to be modular and scaleable. Adaptable to any situation
- Unity of effort. Common objectives are met. Allows organisations with specific mandates to support each other while maintaining their own authorities.
What are CIMS Characteristics (5)
- Common structures, roles and responsibilities
- Common terminology
- Interoperability
- Management by objectives
- Engaging Iwi
How does CIMS benefit by engagement with Maori in response and recovery (7)
- strong networks
- access to community focal points (marae)
- ability to mobilise resources appropriatley
- understandingof tikanga (marae protocol, burial practices)
- able to identify and assess iwi needs
- understanding of the local landscape, including history and sacred sites
- an ability to link with other cultures
What should engagement with Maori in response and recovery be based on (3)
- Partnership built on mutual respectand shared values. Follows treaty principles of participation, protection and partnership
- recognise capability of Maori to support response and recovery
- Collaberation with Maori and emergency mangement during and after event across all 4 R’s
What a the lead agency
The agency with mandate to manage response through legislation, under protocols, by agreement, or because it has expertise/experience. Establishes control to coordinate response of all involved agencies.
May change between each of the 4R’s phases
What happens when Lead agency can’t be readily identified
Response agencies may adopt joint ‘unified control’
What is a support agency?
Provides support to lead agency. The lead agency tasks and coordinates support agencies’ resources and actions.
Support agencies may have statutory responsibilities and objective of their own that the lead agency needs to accomodate.
What do lead and support agencies have to ensure prior to incidents?
Lead agency has to ensure plans are in place prior to incidents that they will lead. Support agencies will assist in developing these.
What is a fundemental responsibility of lead agencies
Integration of support agencies into the response.
What are the functions that need to be considered at an incident? (7)
What are their roles
- CONTROL - Coordinates and controls response
- INTELLIGENCE - Collects and analyses informaiton. Relating to status, hazards and context of incident
-
PLANNING - Response activities and resource needs. develop action plans
- Develop long term and contingency plans
- assist with planning transition to recovery
- convene, conduct planning meetings
- forecast resource requirements
-
OPERATIONS - Direction, coordination and supervision of response elements. Should include members of other agencies
- Implementation of Action Plan
- volunteer coodination
- liaison with other agencies
-
LOGISTICS - Generally needed before other functions, set up early.
- Personnel, equipment, supplies, finance, services etc
- PIM (public information management) - messages for public, media. Liaise with community. May issue warning on direction of Controller
- WELFARE - managing consequences of incident on individuals, whanau and communities.
What does IMT stand for?
IMT: Incident Managemet Team
Is formed from the CIMS functions.
The IMT assist the controller by providing advice, specialist knowledge, and manage the functions with the area of responsibility.
What other functions can exist with the IMT (4)
- Response manager
- Technical experts
- Health and safety advisores
- Iwi representaiton
A protracted response may scale up and down several times depending on the nature of the incident and the response required. What does the decision to scale up or down a CIMS response need to take into consideration (3)?
- Safety response personel, public and property
- Size and Complexity
- Span of Control
In a single agency incident level response, the personnel are all from one agency. Who is forward commander (or incident controller) at a small single agency incident?
The senior first arriving responding officer. Has responsibility for all CIMS functions Must consider all functions and is likely to asume some himself such as PIM.
If a single agency response progresses into a multi agency response, what should the controller when incident controller changes?
Why would the incident controller change?
- The incidet conroller is likely to appoint CIMS functions managers so a detailed handover is required.
- May be to a more senior, better qualified official. Or control is handed to the lead agency
What is the Incident Controller of a multi agency response responsible for
Overall direction of response activities across all responding agenices
Includes tasking and coordinating other support agencies, who action those tasks within their own command structures
Should personnel from other support agencies be included in the ICP?
Yes to ensure access to their special knowledge and the incorporation of their agencies requirements and resources
When is an Emergancy Operations Centre (EOC) established?
To coordinate multi-agency or multi incident response between respective Incident Control Points (ICPs). Each ICP will have an incident controller and assigned response element so coordination between sites required.
Activated when:
- Several incident level responses at different sites
- Offsite coordination and support required
- multi agency or multi incident responses
What should a local Controller overseeing multiple response sites, each with their own incident controllers, do (6)
- Define their own command and control relationship with each incident controller
- receive detailed briefings from incident controllers
- provide coordination between ICP’s
- inform ICP’s of resources available
- consider allocation of resources accross ICPs and resource elements
- ensure Comms and support arrangements are activated and communicated
How should changovers of the IMT occur (2)
- Outgoing personnel only leave once replacements briefed
- Changeovers
- increase personnel safety and reduce risk
- do not disturb response operations
- staggered to ensure continuity of repsonse operations
What does S41 National Civil Defence Emergency Management Plan make NZP the agency reponsible for?
Coordinate inquiries to:
- assist family, whanau and next of kin make contact with each other
- Trace missing persons
- Notify next of kin
Inquiry involves identification of people affected and assisting famly members/significant others to make contact
During first 72 hours of an emergency, all resources (including telecommunications network and responding agencies) can be impacted. What are public encouraged to do in first 72 hours of an emergency
- Use their usual and pre-planned means of contacting family
- When these means have been exhausted and genuine fears for persons safety to inquire with Police
What support agencies can police use to faciltate inquiries (5)
- National Emergency Managment Agency (NEMA), CDEM welfare registration system
- Min of Education enrolement information to obtain current location of children and families affected by emergency
- MFAT infromation about foriegn nationals
- MOH, DHB’s Ambulance (Primary Care). Patient registraion NHI database
- Red Cross. International tracing facility via RFL (Restoring Family Links)
Define Emergency (CDEM Act 2002) (3)
Emergency means a situation that-
A. Is the result of any happening, whether natural or otherwise, including, without limitation, any explosion, tsunami, land movement, flood, storm, tornado, cyclone, serious fire, leakage or spillage of any dangerous gas or substance, technological failure, infestation, plague, epidemic, failure of or disruption to an emergency service or a lifeline utility, or actual or imminent attack or warlike act; and -
B. Causes or may cause loss of life or injury or illness or distress or in any way endangers the safety of the public or property in NZ or any part of NZ; and -
C. Cannot be dealt with by emergency services, or otherwise requires a significant and coordinated response under this Act
Sections 86 - 92 Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002 give Police powers (including any person acting under their authority) if a state of emergency is in force in any area. Outline s86
S86 - For the preservation of human life, power to evacuate any premises or place including Public Place, and the exclusion of persons/vehicles from any premises or place including Public Place
Sections 86 - 92 Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002 give Police powers (including any person acting under their authority) if a state of emergency is in force in any area. Outline s87
S87 - Entry onto premises (breaking in if neccessary) if RGTB to save life OR permitting/facilitating the carrying out of any urgent measure for the relief of suffering or distress
Sections 86 - 92 Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002 give Police powers (including any person acting under their authority) if a state of emergency is in force in any area. Outline s88
S88 - In order to prevent/limit the extent of the emergency, totally or partially prohibit/restirct public access, with or without vehicles, to any roads or public place if public emergency in place
Sections 86 - 92 Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002 give Police powers (including any person acting under their authority) if a state of emergency is in force in any area. Outline s89
S89 - To prevent/limit extent of emergency, removal of aircraft, ship, train or vehicles etc impeding defence emergency management, using force if necessary to break into such aircraft, ship, train, vehicles etc
Sections 86 - 92 Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002 give Police powers (including any person acting under their authority) if a state of emergency is in force in any area. Outline s90
S90 - If SOE in place AND in opinion of IC or constable it is necessary for the preservation of human life, requisition power over any land, building, vehicle/ship etc, animal, materials/equipment, furniture/bedding, food, medicine/meidcal supplies or any other equipment/materials/supplies - Must give a written statement specifying WHAT and WHOM the control of the property will be placed under
Sections 86 - 92 Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002 give Police powers (including any person acting under their authority) if a state of emergency is in force in any area. Outline s91
S91 - Power to give directions, verbally or in writing, to stop something contributing to emergency, or take action to prevent or limit emergancy
Sections 86 - 92 Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002 give Police powers (including any person acting under their authority) if a state of emergency is in force in any area. Outline s92
S92 - Power to examine, mark, seize, sample ,secure, destroy, disnfect, seize things in order to prevent or limit emergency
What are the requirements under S. 93 Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002?
S93 - requirement to provide ID if requested and explain authority acting under
Who fills role of initial command of incident reported to the Emergency Communications centre?
Emergency Comms Cenre Shift Commander
What must be considered before control is transfered to field units (3)
- Early stages Comms is usually best equiped to control the response
- Highest ranking person is not always the most approrpiate to take control
- designated incident controller is not to take over until
- establish ICP
- Familiarised with incident, obtained a briefing
- formulate a response plan
What is the standard sequence of information provided by dispatcher once event location and type has been determined (6)
- Summary of incident including weapons
- Time delay
- Direction of travel
- mode of travel
- description of offender/vehicles
- Additional relevant information (hazards, weapons etc)
