Contrast Flashcards
For which body habitus will the kidneys lie at the highest level?
hypersthenic
where do the ureters lie in relationship to the peritonuem?
behind the peritoneum
how much fluid can the adult bladder hold?
500 ML
the technique of injecting contrast media into a vein and taking radiographs of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder is termed
intravenous urography
when the contrast medium is introduced against the normal flow it is termed
retrograde
radiographic examination of the urinary bladder is termed
cystography
non-ionic contrast agents are preferred because
they produce fewer adverse reactions
nearly all life threatening reactions to contrast media occur immediately or within how many minutes of injection?
20 minutes
what level is the IR centered for an AP or PA oblique and duodenum?
L1 / L2
functions of the stomach include
storage of food, chemical breakdown of food
another name for chewing is
mastication
which structure is air-filled on double contrast images of the stomach obtained in the PA oblique RAO position
Fundus
opening between the small intestine and the large intestine is called the
ileocecal valve
how long does it take barium to go through the alimentary canal and reach the rectum?
24 hours
which projections are done during an operative cholangiogram, where contrast is injected into the biliary system,,
AP and AP oblique RPO
which projection of the stomach demonstrates its anterior and posterior surfaces
lateral
what is the recommended oblique projection and position for the best demonstration of the esophagus
PA, RAO
What are the advantages of using double contrast technique for an examination of the stomach?
small lesions are not obscured, and the mucosal lining of the stomach can be clearly visualized
what is the average degree of body rotation for an AP oblique projection of the stomach and duodenum?
45 degrees
the widest portion of the small bowel is the
duodenum
for which body habitus is the stomach nearly vertical?
asthenic
the primary importance of preparation of the intestinal tract for examination of the colon is
retained fecal matter can simulate pathology
the ascending portion of the colon joins the transverse colon at the
right colic flexure
which two positions will demonstrate the right colic flexure
LPO, RAO
where is the IR centered for all decub projections of the large intestine
iliac crests
which projection of the colon best demonstrates the right colic flexure
RAO
what is the length of the average adult small intestine
22 feet
which body habitus is the large intestine bunched together and positioned very low in the abdomen
asthenic
which body habitus requires the greatest degree of rotation for a PA oblique projection of the stomach
hypersthenic
how much lower should the IR be positioned when the upright position is used for the stomach projections
3-6 inches
which projection of the colon best demonstrates the ascending colon
PA oblique, RAO
what level is the IR centered for a PA projection of the stomach and duodenum
L1-L2
the large intestine is made up of a series of pouches called the
haustra
what are the essential oblique projections of the stomach and duodenum?
LPO and RAO
the opening inside the duodenum where pancreatic enzymes and bile enter is the
greater duodenal papilla
where is the IR centered for delayed images of the small intestine
iliac crests
which two regions of the abdomen are almost entirely occupied by the liver
right hypochondrium and epigastrium
which drug may be given to the patient before a double contrast examination of the stomach to relax the GI tract
glucagon
which body habitus is the stomach almost horizontal
hypersthenic
what are the two essential projections for examinations of the small intestine
PA and AP
for all projections of the esophagus, the top of the IR is positioned at
the level of the mouth
in which abdominal quadrant is the spleen located
Left upper quadrant
one of the most important technical considerations in GI radiography is
elimination of motion
PA projection of the stomach best demonstrates the
stomach contour and duodenal bulb
how much is the body rotated for a PA oblique projection of the stomach and duodenum
40 - 70 degrees
food and fluid should be withheld for how many hours before a stomach examination
8 hours
the hard palate is formed by the
maxillae and palatine bone
the opening between the stomach and the small intestine is termed the
pyloric orifice
which position is used for PA oblique projection of the esophagus
35-40 degrees RAO
the jejunum and the ileum are attached to the posterior wall of the abdomen by the
mesentery
how many portions is the small intestine divided into
three
what is the length of the large intestine
5 feet
which is NOT an essential projection for an esophagus series
AP axial oblique
a specific radiographic examination of the biliary ducts is termed
cholangiography
which plane is centered to the grid for the PA oblique projection of the stomach and duodenum?
longitudinal plane midway between the vertebrae and the lateral border of the elevated side
which examination requires the use of time markers on images
small intestine / small bowel series
the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct unite to form the
hepatopancreatic ampulla
iodinized solution normally clears the stomach in how many hours?
1-2 hours
if a patient has suspected varicose veins, which maneuver is used to show those veins?
valsalva maneuver
how much urine is excreted by the kidneys each day?
1 - 2 L
what is secreted by the suprarenal glands
epinephrine
the left kidney is ____ and ____ than the right
longer, narrower
which body habitus will have the kidneys at the highest level
hypersthenic
how much will the kidneys drop in the change from supine to upright position
2 inches
microscopic components of the parenchyma of the kidney are called
nephrons
which are the blood capillaries that serves as the filter for the blood in the kidney
glomerulus
cup-shaped recesses in the center of each kidney that recieve urine from the collecting ducts are the
calyces
where do the ureters lie in relation to the peritoneum
behind the peritoneum
what serves as the reservoir for urine
urinary bladder
how long is the urethra in a female
1.5 inches
the concentration of iodine in ionic contrast media is
50-70%
Which of the following is true regarding nonionic contrast media?
- cost is higher
- less likely to cause a reaction
- less is necessary for the injection
1 and 2
The common reactions to contrast media include:
- warmth
- flushing
- anaphylactic reaction
1 and 2
Significant reactions to contrast media include:
- nausea
- vomiting
- edema of the respiratory mucous membrane
1 2 and 3
Preparation of the patient for an IVU includes:
- a light evening meal
- a non-gas forming laxative
- NPO after midnight
1 2 and 3
The exposure technique used for an IVU should have sufficient contrast and density to clearly demonstrate the:
- outline of the kidneys
- lower border of the liver
- lateral margin of the psoas muscle
1 2 and 3
Which of the following must be available during an IVU?
- nurse
- radiologist
- emergency cart
2 and 3
where is compression applied during an IVU?
distal ends of the ureters
Compression should not be used during an IVU if the patient has:
- an iodine allergy
- an aneurysm
- a colostomy
2 and 3
respiration for all exposures made during an IVU is
expiration
contraindications for IVU include
anuria and renal failure
within how many minutes does contrast medium appear in the pelvicalyceal system?
2-8
how many minutes after injections does the greatest concentration of contrast medium appear in the kidneys
15-20
the series of radiographs made during an IVU examination are typically done at time intervals between
3 and 20 minutes
where is IR centered for all abdominal radiographs taken of the urinary system
at the iliac crests
how much is the patient rotated from supine for AP oblique projection of the urinary system
30 degrees
what plane is centered to the IR for a lateral projection of the urinary system
midcoronal plane
which projections are used during a cystogram?
AP, AP oblique, lateral
where is the IR centered for an AP axial projection of the urinary bladder for cystogram
2 inches above the superior border of the pubis
how much is the body rotated for the AP oblique projection of the urinary bladder during a cystogram
40 - 60 degrees depending on physician preference
what is the essential projection used for cystourethrogram on a male patient
AP oblique
the concave medial border of the kidney where blood vessels and ureter exit is called
hilum
the mucosal folds on the inside of the urinary bladder are called
rugae
the abbreviation for excretory technique of urography is
IVU
respiration instructions for all projections of the stomach is
suspended expiration
A
A
The respiration phase for radiographic images made during intravenous urography is:
Suspended expiration
The urinary system includes with two of the following?
Kidneys
Urethra
Prostrate
Suprarenal glands
Kidneys
Urethra
Which projection would place the right kidney perpendicular to the IR?
AP oblique, RPO
Where do the ureters enter the bladder?
Posterior wall
How is the CR positioned to free the bladder neck of superimposition during a female cystourethrogram?
5° caudal
The mucosal folds on the inside of the urinary bladder are called:
Rugae
Which position may be helpful to demonstrate the lower ureters?
Trendelenburg’s 15 to 20 degrees
What is the central ray angulation for the AP axial urinary bladder?
10 to 15° caudal
The radiographic examination of the urethra is called:
Cystourethrography
What is the recommended size and orientation of the radiation field for examination of the urinary bladder (cystogram)?
10x12” lengthwise
Two common reactions to contrast media include:
Warmth
Flushing
Contraindications does intravenous urography include: 1. Anuria; 2. Renal failure; 3. Elderly patients
1 and 2
A moderate reaction to a medication or contrast medium would be:
Vomiting
The two kidneys lie:
Behind the peritoneum
The site where ureters enter the bladder is termed the _________ junction.
Ureterovesical
The left kidney is ____ and _____ than the right
longer and narrower
Where is the IR centered for an AP axial projection of the urinary bladder (cystogram)?
2” above the upper border of the symphysis pubis
What is the central ray angulation for the PA axial urinary bladder?
10 to 15° cephalad
Compression should not be used during an IVU if the patient has a(n): 1. Iodine allergy; 2. Aneurysm; 3. Colostomy
2 and 3
Within how many minutes does contrast medium appear in the pelvicalyceal system?
2 to 8
All of the following projections are used during a cystogram, except:
AP oblique
Lateral
AP
PA oblique
PA oblique
What is secreted by the suprarenal glands?
Epinephrine
Which decubitus position is commonly used during an IVU examination to demonstrate the ureteropelvic junction?
Dorsal decubitus
Where is the compression applied during an IVU?
Distal ends of the ureters
What is the central ray angle for the AP oblique projections of the urinary system?
0 degrees
How much is the patient rotated from the supine for an AP oblique projection of the urinary system?
30 degrees
What is the essential projection used for a cystourethrogram on a male patient?
AP oblique
How much will the kidneys drop in the change from the supine to the upright position?
2 inches
Which of the following serves as a filter for the blood in the kidney?
Glomerulus
Which technique is used to get contrast medium into the urinary bladder for a cystogram?
Retrograde filling technique
Significant reactions to contrast media include: 1. Nausea; 2. Vomiting; 3. Edema of the respiratory mucous membrane.
1, 2, and 3
A severe reaction to a medication or contrast medium would be:
Anaphylactic reaction
The technique of injecting contrast media into a vein and taking radiographic images of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder is termed:
Intravenous urography
In which body habitus type is the stomach almost horizontal and high in the abdomen?
Hypersthenic
Which curvature is located on the right (medial) border of the stomach?
Lesser
Which area is the most superior part of the stomach?
Fundus
Which area is the most inferior part of the stomach?
Pylorus
The distal esophagus empties its contents into what part of the stomach?
Cardiac antrum
Which opening is located between the stomach and small intestines?
Pyloric orifices
Which opening is at the distal end of the small intestine?
ileocecal orifice
Which structure is the proximal part of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Which structure is the distal part of the small intestine?
Ileum
In which abdominal region does the large intestine originate?
Right iliac
Which structure is the proximal part of the large intestine?
Cecum
Which structure is the pouch like part of the large intestine situated below the junction of the ileum and the colon?
Cecum
Approximately how long does it take the first part of barium meal to reach the ileocecal valve?
2-3 hours
Approximately how long does it usually take a barium meal to reach the rectum?
24 hours
Which two imaging modalities are most commonly used to examine the alimentary canal after the introduction of a barium product?
Flouroscopy and radiography
Which type of contrast medium is most commonly used for examining the upper GI tract?
A barium sulfate suspension
To demonstrate swallowing function best, in which position should the patient be placed to begin the fluoroscopic phase of single-contrast exams of the esophagus?
Upright
Which two recumbent oblique positions can be used to demonstrate best an unobstructed image of a barium-filled esophagus between the vertebrae and the heart?
RAO and LPO
What is a major advantage of double-contrast UGI exam over single-contrast UGI exam?
Small lesions on the mucosal lining are better demonstrated
Which description refers to the biphasic GI exams?
Combination single-contrast and double-contrast study of the upper GI track
Which body habits produces the greatest visceral movement when a patient is moved from the prone position to the upright position?
Asthenic
For the PA projection as part of the UGI exam, why should the lower lung fields be included on a 14x17 in IR?
To demonstrate a possible hiatal hernia
For the double contrast UGI exam, which projection produces the best image of a gas filled duodenal bulb and pyloric canal?
AP oblique projection, and recumbent LPO position
For the single contrast UGI exam with the patient recumbent, which projection produces the best image of a barium filled pyloric canal and duodenal bulb in patients whose habits approximates the sthenic type?
PA oblique projection, RAO position
For the UGI exam with the patient recumbent which projection best stimulates gastric peristalsis to demonstrate the pyloric canal and duodenal bulb better?
PA oblique projection, RAO position
Which breathing procedure should the patient perform when UGI images are taken?
Suspended expiration
For the double contrast UGI exam with the patient recumbent, which projection produces the best image of a gas filled fundus?
PA oblique projection, RAO position
For the UGI examination with the patient recumbent, which projection best demonstrates the right retro-gastric space
Right lateral projection
For the AP projection with the patient supine, which procedure should be performed to demonstrate best diaphragmatic herniation?
Tilt the table and the patient into a full trensdelenburg position
To which level of the patient should the central ray be directed for the PA oblique projection, RAO position, as part of the UGI exam?
L1-L2
Which exam of the alimentary canal requires that a series of images be taken at specific time intervals after the ingestion of the contrast medium?
Small bowel series
For a small bowel series of a patient with hypomotility of the small intestine, which procedure should be performed to accelerate peristalsis?
Instruct the patient to drink a glass of ice water
