Contracts+sales Flashcards
THE BASICS
7 step flowchart
[overview]
- What law GOVERNS the transaction
- Is there a DEAL btwn the parties
- If so, is the deal ENFORCEABLE by courts (aka is the deal a contract)
- If there is an enforceable deal, what are its TERMS
- Did either party FAIL TO PERFORM its part of the deal and, if so, was that non-performance EXCUSED
- If there was inexcusable non-performance, what are the non-breaching party’s REMEDIES
- Do any THIRD PARTIES have rights and/or obligations under the contract
CONTRACT FOR GOODS
what law governs a contract solely for sale of goods?
[no. 1: what law governs the transaction]
= UCC ARTICLE 2 governs the transaction, regardless of whether parties are merchants or non-merchants
NOTE = many important UCC rules apply only to contracts in which at least one party is a merchant
CONTRACT FOR GOODS
definition of goods
[no. 1: what law governs the transaction]
= tangible, movable items
CONTRACT FOR GOODS
what covers the sale of ordinary goods?
[no. 1: what law governs the transaction]
= ARTICLE 2
example = suit off the rack
CONTRACT FOR GOODS
what covers the sale of custom-made goods?
[no. 1: what law governs the transaction]
= ARTICLE 2
example = tailor-made suit
CONTRACT FOR NON-GOODS
what law governs a contract involving only non-goods?
[no. 1: what law governs the transaction]
= COMMON LAW governs the transaction
CONTRACT FOR NON-GOODS
3 things included in definition of non-goods
[no. 1: what law governs the transaction]
- real estate
- services
- intangibles
MIXED TRANSACTIONS
what law governs a contract involving both goods and non-goods?
[no. 1: what law governs the transaction]
= PREDOMINANT PURPOSE of the contract governs
NOTE = this is an all-or-nothing test AKA
- if the primary/dominant purpose of the contract is GOODS = UCC governs ENTIRE contract
- if the primary/dominant purpose of the contract is NON-GOODS = COMMON LAW governs ENTIRE contract
MIXED TRANSACTIONS
predominant purpose test
[no. 1: what law governs the transaction]
to determine the predominant purpose of a mixed transaction, courts examine
- the LANGUAGE of the parties’ contract
- the NATURE of the biz of supplier of goods/non—goods
- the REASON parties entered into the contract (aka what each bargained to receive)
- the respective amounts CHARGED under the contract for goods and for non-goods
THE BASICS
definition of deal
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
Agreement or mutual assent
THE BASICS
3 parts of a deal
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
- An OFFER
- Which is “ALIVE” @ THE TIME of the attempted acceptance
- A proper ACCEPTANCE
THE BASICS
how is mutual assent determined?
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
Judged by the objective theory of contract
Whether an offer or revocation has been made is judged from the perspective of a reasonable OFFEREE
Whether an acceptance, rejection, or counteroffer has been made is judged from the perspective of a reasonable OFFEROR
THE BASICS
3 types of contracts
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
- Express contracts
- Contracts implied-in-fact
- Contracts implied-in-law
THE BASICS
express contracts
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
= mutual assent established by the parties’ LANGUAGE (oral or written)
THE BASICS option contracts (express contracts)
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
= an express contract to hold an offer open for a fixed period of time
THE BASICS
contracts implied-in-fact
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
= mutual assent established (at least in part) by the parties’ CONDUCT
EX = silently accepting benefits where it is reasonable to assume the other party expects compensation
THE BASICS
contracts implied-in-law
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
TRICK. These are not contracts, so there is no mutual assent
= simply a remedy designed to prevent unjust enrichment
AKA quasi-contracts
OFFER
definition of offer
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
= expression of present willingness to enter into a bargain, made in such a way that a reasonable offeree would believe that she can conclude a bargain merely by giving assent
OFFER
3 components of a valid offer
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
- INTENT on the part of the offeror to enter into an IMMEDIATE deal
- CONTENT of the offer must be sufficiently DEFINITE
- COMMUNICATION of the offer to the offeree
OFFER // SUFFICIENTLY DEFINITE
4 basic things identified in offer
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
Ideally, the offer should identify
- the parties
- the subject matter
- the price
- the time of performance
But certain terms are ESSENTIAL for real estate, UCC, employment contracts
OFFER // SUFFICIENTLY DEFINITE
essential terms for real estate contracts
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
for real estate contracts, there must be a price and an adequate description of the land
OFFER // SUFFICIENTLY DEFINITE
essential terms for UCC contracts
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
for UCC contracts, there must be a quantity term (ex = numerical or buyer’s requirements or seller’s output)
OFFER // SUFFICIENTLY DEFINITE
essential terms for employment contracts
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
for employment cntracts, there must be a duration (no duration results in an at-will contract)
OFFER // SUFFICIENTLY DEFINITE
advertisements as offers
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
TRICK.
Advertisements, price quotes, and catalogs are generally NOT offers
OFFER // COMMUNICATION
2 key takeaways
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
only persons AWARE of the offer may accept
only persons to whom the offer was DIRECTED may accept (aka OFFER are NOT assignable but OPTION CONTRACTS are assignable)
OFFER // COMMUNICATION
when is an offer effective?
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
upon RECEIPT by the offeree
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE
4 ways an offer may die prior to attempted acceptance
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
- By its own terms
- Revocations by operation of law
- Revocations by the offeror
- Terminations by the offeree
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // REVOKED BY ITS OWN TERMS
offer revocation by its own terms
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
By its own terms, the offeror is the “master” of the offer
As such, she may place a SPECIFIC LIMIT on the time to accept (ex = one day or five minutes)
If NO such limit is placed on the offer, the offer is open for a REASONABLE TIME
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // REVOKED BY OPERATION OF LAW
3 times offer automatically revoked
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
offer is AUTOMATICALLY revoked
REGARDLESS of other party’s knowledge by
1. DEATH or ADJUDICATED INCAPACITY of offeror OR offeree
(EXCEPT doesn’t terminate option contracts)
2. Intervening ILLEGALITY or DESTRUCTION of SUBJECT MATTER
offer is AUTOMATICALLY revoked IF
other party has knowledge of
3. NON-ADJUDICATED insanity of offeror OR offeree
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // REVOKED BY OFFEROR
general rule
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
Offers are freely revocable even if the offeror promises not to revoke the offer
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // REVOKED BY OFFEROR
2 ways for an offeror to revoke an offer
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
- Unambiguous verbal revocation communicated by the offeror to the offeree prior to acceptance
- Unambiguous conduct by the offeror indicating revocation (ex = item sold to another) communicated by the offeror or a reliable third party to the offeree
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // REVOKED BY OFFEROR
when is a revocation effective?
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
A revocation is effective upon “receipt” by the offeree
Revocations by the offeror must pre-date the acceptance
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // REVOKED BY OFFEROR
mailbox rule
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
As a general rule, acceptances are effective upon dispatch, but revocations are always effective upon receipt by the offeree
if a revocation will be communicated to the offeree PRIOR to the receipt of the acceptance by the offeror (because it’s still in the mail) but SUBSEQUENT to the mailing of the acceptance = the revocation is ineffective
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // REVOKED BY OFFEROR
receipt
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
A written offer, revocation, counteroffer, or rejection is received when the writing comes into the POSSESSION of the person addressed
REGARDLESS of when such document is opened or read
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // REVOKED BY OFFEROR
nonrevocable offers - 4 times offers are nonrevocable
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
Offers are inherently revocable EXCEPT
- Option contracts
- Merchant’s firm offer (UCC-only)
- Detrimental reliance
- Unilateral contracts
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // REVOKED BY OFFEROR
nonrevocable offers - option contracts
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
definition = an agreement, supported by consideration (even nominal consideration), to hold an offer open for a fixed period of time
Rule = under the Restatement, an option contract is enforceable if it merely RECITES nominal consideration
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // REVOKED BY OFFEROR
nonrevocable offers - merchant’s firm offer
LEZ GET IT
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
(UCC 2-207 RULE)
MERCHANT’S FIRM OFFER bb =
- Offer to buy or sell goods
- Made by MERCHANT
- In a SIGNED WRITING
- In which merchant PROMISES TO HOLD
- Offer open for STATED (or REASONABLE if not stated) TIME
- NOT LONGER THAN 90 DAYS!!!!!!!!!!
NOTE = never irrevocable for +90 days BUT can be accepted after if not revoked
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // REVOKED BY OFFEROR
nonrevocable offers - detrimental reliance
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
the OFFEREE has DETRIMENTALLY RELIED on the offer AND
that reliance was REASONABLY FORESEEABLE by the OFFEROR
EX = If a general contractor relies on the bids of subcontractors in preparing the general contractor’s bid, the subcontractors’ bids are irrevocable until the owner/architect awards the contract to a general contractor
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // REVOKED BY OFFEROR
nonrevocable offers - unilateral contracts
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
definition = language of contract expressly limits acceptance to complete performance
rule = if the contract is unilateral and the offeree has COMMENCED PERFORMANCE (something more than mere preparation to perform),
THEN offeree must be given a REASONABLE TIME TO COMPLETE performance
(BUT the offeree is not BOUND TO COMPLETE performance unless it was a bilateral contract)
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // TERMINATION BY OFFEREE
rule
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
The offeree may also terminate an offer
When an offeree terminates an offer, it is called a “rejection.”
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // TERMINATION BY OFFEREE
3 methods of rejection
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
- Counteroffer
- Express rejection
- Conditional acceptances
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // TERMINATION BY OFFEREE
counteroffer
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
a counteroffer by the offeree permanently revokes the offer and, in fact, constitutes a new offer
mere inquiries alone (“Will you take $9,000?”) are not rejections
in some cases, the original offer may be revived after a counteroffer
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // TERMINATION BY OFFEREE
express rejection
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
“No thanks” or “Not interested.”
A rejection permanently revokes the offer, even if the offeror had originally indicated that it would be held open for a longer period.
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // TERMINATION BY OFFEREE
effective date of rejection
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
rejections (express or otherwise) are effective upon receipt by the offeror
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // TERMINATION BY OFFEREE
option contracts rejection/counteroffer
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
A rejection or counteroffer made by the “offeree” during the option period does not terminate the option contract, unless the “offeror” detrimentally relies on the offeree’s rejection
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // TERMINATION BY OFFEREE
conditional acceptances
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
= “I accept IF [or but or provided that or on the condition that or so long as]”
acts as a rejection/counteroffer and permanently revokes the offer
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // TERMINATION BY OFFEREE
mirror image rule @ common law
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
if the offeree adds terms to the acceptance, this constitutes a counteroffer and a rejection
LAST SHOT RULE = if the parties perform without an express contract, the last document governs
ALIVE @ ACCEPTANCE // TERMINATION BY OFFEREE
mirror image rule under UCC
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
if an offeree adds a term (“I accept and ….”) to the acceptance, ask 2 Qs.
Q1 = IS THERE A CONTRACT?
A1 = Yes
(as long as acceptance of the additional term was NOT an EXPRESS CONDITION of acceptance)
Q2 = DOES CONTRACT INCLUDE ADDITIONAL TERM?
A2 = It depends
– if BOTH MERCHANTS, additional term IS part of the contract, unless
1. original offer LIMITED acceptance to offer’s EXACT terms
2. offeror objects to additional term W/IN REASONABLE TIME after receiving the acceptance
3. additional term MATERIALLY ALTERS offer
(like changes remedies available to offeror, significantly limits offeree’s liability, or disclaims warranties)
– if either is NON-MERCHANT, additional term is NOT part of the contract UNLESS additional term is EXPRESSLY ACCEPTED by offeror after receiving acceptance
PROPER ACCEPTANCE
definition
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
= manifestation of assent to the terms of the offer
PROPER ACCEPTANCE
who may accept?
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
Only those who are aware of the offer
Only those persons to whom the offer was made (= offers may not be assigned or accepted by bystanders to whom the offer was not directed—EXCEPT option contracts)
PROPER ACCEPTANCE
equal publicity rule
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
Someone who has made an offer via newspaper ad or the like must give equal publicity to the retraction as he did to the offer (ex = same newspaper, same number of days, etc.)
PROPER ACCEPTANCE
how may an offer be accepted?
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
General rule = the offeror is the master of the offer and may limit the form of acceptance (ex = by fax only) BUT must do so UNAMBIGUOUSLY
PROPER ACCEPTANCE // BY PERFORMANCE
bilateral contracts
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
may be accepted by EITHER
- PROMISE to perform (communicated to offeror) OR
- COMMENCEMENT of performance
Contracts are PRESUMED to be bilateral
If offeree accepts by COMMENCING performance AND the offeror has NO ADEQUATE MEANS OF LEARNING of such commencement
= offeree must notify offeror w/in REASONABLE TIME that perf has COMMENCED
(AKA failure to give timely notice will render the contract unenforceable)
PROPER ACCEPTANCE // BY PERFORMANCE
unilateral contracts
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
may NOT be accepted by commencing performance
may ONLY be accepted by FULL performance
offeree is NOT BOUND by COMMENCING perf
BUT commencement PREVENTS offeror from REVOKING offer for REASONABLE time
Unilateral contracts are limited to
- those that UNAMBIGUOUSLY require completion of performance as acceptance
- offers to the public, such as rewards or prizes
PROPER ACCEPTANCE // BY MAILING
mailbox rule
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
As a general rule, an acceptance is effective upon dispatch (ex = mailing), even if it never gets to the offeror
A contract is created at the moment of dispatch, provided the dispatch is properly addressed and, where necessary, stamped
After proper dispatch, the offeror may not revoke the offer
PROPER ACCEPTANCE // BY PERFORMANCE
exceptions to mailbox rule
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
The Mailbox Rule does NOT apply where
- the offeror stipulates that acceptance is not effective until received OR
- the offeror unambiguously mandates a method of acceptance (ex = by fax only) different than that used by the offeree OR
- the offeree’s method of acceptance is not reasonable under the circumstances (ex = offeree uses U.S. mail to accept an email offer to purchase ripe bananas)
PROPER ACCEPTANCE // BY PERFORMANCE
dual dispatches
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
If an offeree FIRST REJECTS an offer by mail and THEN ACCEPTS by mail, the FIRST document RECEIVED by the offeror CONTROLS
If the offeree FIRST ACCEPTS by mail but THEN REJECTS by mail = CONTRACT CREATED upon dispatch of acceptance
BUT if offeror received REJECTION FIRST + CHANGED POSITION IN RELIANCE = offeree will be estopped from enforcing the contract
PROPER ACCEPTANCE // BY PERFORMANCE
option contracts
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
the offeror must RECEIVE the acceptance (exercise the option) to have a contract
AKA the Mailbox Rule does not apply to option contracts
PROPER ACCEPTANCE // BY SHIPMENT
3 methods to accept a UCC offer for prompt shipment
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
- Promise to ship
- Shipment of conforming goods
- Shipment of non-conforming goods
PROPER ACCEPTANCE // BY SHIPMENT
effect of shipment of non-conforming goods
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
Shipment of non-conforming goods constitutes an acceptance AND a breach of contract
PROPER ACCEPTANCE // BY SHIPMENT
shipment of non-conforming goods as accommodation
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
If the seller sends non-conforming goods as an “accommodation,” there is no acceptance and thus no breach of contract
If a seller PROMISES to ship CONFORMING goods AND THEN sends non-conforming goods as an accommodation, the seller has accepted the offer and breached the contract
PROPER ACCEPTANCE // BY SHIPMENT
definition of accommodation (for shipment of non-conforming goods)
[no. 2: is there a deal btwn the parties]
An accommodation occurs when the seller notifies the buyer (before or with the shipment) that the goods are non-conforming but are being sent anyway
THE BASICS
2 requirements for a deal to be enforceable
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
- Sufficient consideration
2. No valid defenses
CONSIDERATION
definition
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
= BARGAINED-FOR EXCHANGE
of LEGAL DETRIMENT
AKA 2 parts
- promisor bargained for exchange by promisee in which
- promisee either
a. promises to do something or does something
that, but for the contract,
she is not obligated to do OR
b. promises not to do something or does not do something that, but for the contract, she is legally entitled to do
CONSIDERATION
sufficiency of consideration
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
consideration must be legally sufficient for there to be a binding contract
sufficient = must be something that has value in the eyes of the law
CONSIDERATION
4 examples of insufficient consideration
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
- Love and affection
- Performing a service the law believes does not exist (ex = voodoo curse)
- Nominal or token consideration (EXCEPTION = option contracts)
- Promise to forbear filing a suit the plaintiff knows is frivolous
CONSIDERATION
adequacy of consideration
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
If the requirement of sufficiency of consideration is met, there is no additional requirement of equivalence in the values exchanged, UNLESS the contract is so one-sided that it is UNCONSCIONABLE
As long as consideration exists, the parties’ motives for performance are irrelevant
CONSIDERATION
4 key issues for consideration
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
- Past consideration or moral obligation
- Preexisting legal duty
- Part payment of a debt
- Promise not to sue
CONSIDERATION // PAST CONSIDERATION or MORAL OBLIGATION
general rule
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
generally, if promisee has already performed act BEFORE promisor makes promise
= there is no bargained-for exchange and thus no consideration
CONSIDERATION // PAST CONSIDERATION or MORAL OBLIGATION
3 exceptions
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
- RST MATERIAL BENEFIT RULE
promise made in recognition of benefit previously received by promisor from promisee = BINDING to extent necessary to PREVENT INJUSTICE
UNLESS either
- promisee conferred benefit as GIFT OR
- for other reasons promisor has NOT been UNJUSTLY ENRICHED - PROMISE TO PAY DEBT BARRED BY SOL
written promise to pay debt barred by SOL = enforceable UP TO amount of NEW PROMISE despite no new consideration - PROMISE TO PERFORM A VOIDABLE OBLIGATION
if minor or incompetent PROMISES to perform voidable obligation AFTER reaching age of majority/regaining competency = obligation is enforceable despite no new consideration
CONSIDERATION // PREEXISTING LEGAL DUTY
general rule
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
= If the promisee is legally bound to do (or not to do) the act either by a prior contract or statutory law, there is no legal detriment suffered by the promisee
AKA that the modification of an existing contract requires new consideration
NOTE = if a modification is induced by IMPROPER THREATS, the innocent party may also raise the defense of ECONOMIC DURESS if it had NO REASONABLE ALTS
CONSIDERATION // PREEXISTING LEGAL DUTY
4 exceptions
(aka when can parties modify contract)
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
- promisee agrees to add to/modify original deal in any LEGIT fashion
- modification is FAIR & EQUITABLE in view of circumstances NOT ANTICIPATED by parties when the contract was made
- THIRD PARTY agrees to pay ADDITIONAL consideration to promisee
- UCC = SALES contracts may be modified w/o consideration as long as parties act in GOOD FAITH
CONSIDERATION // PART PAYMENT OF DEBT
rule
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
key Q = If creditor agrees to take less than full payment in exchange for release, may creditor seek remainder from debtor?
- if debt is DUE (or overdue) AND UNDISPUTED in amount
= part payment does NOT constitute consideration for release
AKA debtor owes remainder - if debt is NOT YET DUE (and debtor agrees to pay early)
OR if there is GOOD FAITH DISPUTE as to amount of debt
= part payment would constitute consideration for release
(aka examples of accord & satisfaction) - if a DIFFERENT TYPE of performance (transfer of goods/services) is agreed upon
= would also be consideration
(aka also accord & satisfaction example)
CONSIDERATION // PROMISE NOT TO SUE
rule
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
A promise not to sue constitutes consideration if the promisor has EITHER a GOOD FAITH (subjective) or REASONABLE (objective) belief that the suit is valid
If a party executes a written instrument (i.e., a quitclaim deed) settling a claim that was bargained for by the other party, the instrument is sufficient consideration even if the executing party did not subjectively believe the claim was valid
CONSIDERATION
promissory estoppel
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
If there is no consideration, may the promisee enforce the deal?
Generally = no
BUT consider PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL, which applies where
1. promisor made a promise
2. promisee REASONABLY, DETRIMENTALLY, and FORESEEABLY relied on promise
(aka promise induced promisee to act)
3. enforcement of the promise is NECESSARY TO AVOID INJUSTICE
CONSIDERATION
damages for promissory estoppel
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
Promissory estoppel damages are generally limited to reliance damages (as opposed to expectation damages)
CONSIDERATION
SOF application to promissory estoppel
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
TRICK.
SOF does not apply to promissory estoppel
DEFENSES
7 valid defenses
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
A contract is not enforceable if there is a valid defense, such as:
- Lack of Capacity
- Statute of Frauds
- Illegality
- Duress/Undue Influence
- Misrepresentation
- Mistake or Misunderstanding
- Unconscionability
DEFENSES
burdens for defenses
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
These 7 defenses are typically affirmative defenses for which the defendant would carry the burden of pleading, the burden of production, and the burden of persuasion
DEFENSES // LACK OF CAPACITY
3 parties that lack capacity
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
- minors (under age 18)
- mental incompetents (unable to understand legal significance of acts)
Note = contracts of a party who has been adjudicated incompetent are VOID - intoxicated persons (unable to understand legal significance of acts AND the other party knew or should have known of the intoxication)
DEFENSES // LACK OF CAPACITY
rule for party lacking capacity
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
A party lacking capacity may disaffirm a contract (aka the contract is voidable by the incapacitated party) during disability or within a reasonable time thereafter
In a minority of jurisdictions, the party lacking capacity is liable for any benefit he experiences or damage he causes prior to disaffirming
DEFENSES // LACK OF CAPACITY
2 situations in which incapacitated parties are liable on contracts
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
- If incapacitated party either
– RETAINS BENEFIT of the contract after gaining capacity OR
– FAILS to DISAFFIRM the contract w/in REASONABLE time
AFTER gaining capacity
= she’s IMPLIEDLY AFFIRMED contract and it’s enforceable
NOTE = affirmation by minor/incompetent doesn’t require new consideration
- if contract is for necessaries (aka NECESSITIES) = the incapacitated party is liable in quasi-contract for the value of the goods or services, but not for the actual contract price
DEFENSES // STATUTE OF FRAUDS
SOF flowchart
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
- Is the contract subject to the SOF?
- If so, has the SOF been satisfied?
- If the SOF applies and has not been satisfied, are there any remedies available to the plaintiff?
DEFENSES // STATUTE OF FRAUDS
(step #1, is the contract subject to SOF)
general rule
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
= Oral contracts are generally enforceable
DEFENSES // STATUTE OF FRAUDS
(step #1, is the contract subject to SOF)
6 exceptions
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
= following are subject to SOF
- agrmnt to MARRY supported by some form of $$$$ consideration (ex = prenuptz)
- Promise by ESTATE executor/administrator to pay estate’s debts out of OWN POCKET
- SURETYSHIP contracts (aka where one person guarantees the payments of another, like a co-signer)
- – EXCEPTION = if MAIN/PRIMARY PURPOSE of agrmnt is to BENEFIT SURETY, contract doesn’t have to be in writing - SERVICE contracts that by OWN TERMS are NOT CAPABLE of being performed W/IN ONE YEAR from date of contract
- contract for sale of GOODS where purchase price is $500+
- transfer of an interest in LAND
- – EXCEPTION = short-term (12 mos. or fewer) leases
DEFENSES // STATUTE OF FRAUDS
(step #2, if so, has the SOF been satisfied?)
signed writing - requirement
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
SOF requires writing signed by DEFENDANT
BUT does NOT require the parties to sign a written contract
instead, any writing that contains the essential terms and is signed by the defendant will suffice
(ex = a check, a memo to the file, a letter to a friend, notes scribbled on a cocktail napkin)
DEFENSES // STATUTE OF FRAUDS
(step #2, if so, has the SOF been satisfied?)
signed writing - 2 requirements for non-goods contracts
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
1. writing must be SIGNED by D AND 2. all MATERIAL TERMS must be in writing, which are - identity of the parties - subject matter - price - time
DEFENSES // STATUTE OF FRAUDS
(step #2, if so, has the SOF been satisfied?)
signed writing - essential terms for goods contracts of $500+
[no. 3: is the deal enforceable
aka a contract?]
only essential term is quantity
NOTE = the contract is not enforceable beyond the quantity stated in the writing