Continuation of Jim Crow Laws

Question 1

Racial segregation took two forms

Answer 1

• De jure segregation - specific laws passed by state and city government - created separate facilities for AAs
• De facto - provision of separate facilities for AAs by private organisations or citizens in areas such as housing

Question 2

Segregation in armed forces and national parks

Answer 2

• At national level - US armed forces racially segregated
• US army - separate AA units existed w/ white American officers
• Lasted until 1948
• Federally administered national parks in southern state - legal segregation in form of separate catering, campaign and hotel accommodation provided for AAs

Question 3

Doctrine of ‘separate but equal’

Answer 3

• Pervaded nearly all aspects of life

- Separate public schools - not just in southern states

Question 4

1954 - Supreme Court case

Answer 4

• Ended racial segregation in schools
• School district - cited that case was in Topeka, Kansas, a state which had never allowed slavery and had fought against the Confederacy in the US Civil War

Question 5

State of Alabama

Answer 5

• The heart of the former Confederacy - gives an indication of the divisive way in which race relations were organised
• Under state law at the time - no white female nurses allowed to nurse wards or rooms in hospitals where AA men were placed
• Railway stations - separate waiting rooms had to be provided for black and white travellers
• Even on trains - separate carriages had to be provided for black and white passengers

Question 6

Georgia

Answer 6

• Similar restrictions as Alabama
• Restaurants - black and white Americans couldn’t be served with food in same room
• Amateur baseball matches - black and white baseball teams not only could not play each other, but were forbidden from playing near each other’s neighbourhoods
• Even public parks segregated

Question 7

Segregation outside former Confederate states

Answer 7

• Mountain state of Wyoming - called itself ‘The Equality State’
• Outlawed intermarriage between black and white Americans
• Oklahoma - didn’t become state until 1907 - AAs suffered discrimination where public recreational facilities (fishing, boating, bathing were segregated)
• Even separate telephone booths

Question 8

De jure segregation

Answer 8

• Restrictions on what houses and flats AAs could buy or rent - and which clubs and social organisations
• Most popular sport in 1930s - baseball
• National professional baseball leagues were all white - separate Negro Baseball League