Contep. Units 1-3 Flashcards
According to him, Globalization is not a single concept that can be defined and encompassed within a set time frame, nor is it a process that can be defined clearly with a beginning and an end.
Al-Rodhan (2006)
It is a universal process, a concept, a revolution, and “an establishment of the worldwide market free from sociopolitical control.
Globalization
According to him, Globalization is the process of world shrinkage, distances getting shorter, and things moving closer.
Larsson (2001)
He supported the belief that globalization brought regression, colonialism, and destabilization
Martin Kohr
He is the president of the third world network in Malaysia, who stated that Globalization is a form of colonization.
Martin Kohr
According to him, Globalization means the onset of the borderless world.
Ohmae (1992)
According to them, Globalization is a situation wherein societies, cultures, politics, and economics have, in some sense, come closer together.
Ray Kiely and Phil Marfleet (1998)
He stated that “Globalization refers to processes whereby social relations acquire relatively distance less and borderless qualities so that human lives are increasingly played out in the world as a single place.”
Jan Aart Scholte (1999)
It can be seen that there are common themes from these definitions, such as the elimination of borders among different countries and that the definition is somehow vague and does not clearly define the implication of Globalization in a particular area.
Globalization as Broad and Inclusive
According to him, Globalization is characterized by the internationalizing of production, the new international division of labor, migration from south and north, and a competitive environment, which increases processes such as manufacturing of goods and commodities.
Robert Cox (1999)
According to them, Globalization is a process in which the production and financial structures of countries are becoming interlinked by an increasing number of cross-border transactions.
Bairoch & Kozul-Wright (1996)
He explains that Globalization is the latest stage in a long accumulation of technological advance, which has given human beings the ability to conduct their affairs across the world without reference to nationality, government authority, time of day or physical environment.
Langhone (2001)
This kind of meaning can be limiting in terms of application.
Globalization as Narrow and Exclusive
This can only be applied with a particular scope of activity.
Globalization as Narrow and Exclusive
What are the three metaphors of Globalization?
Solid, Liquidity, and Flows
This refers to the barriers that may prevent free movement and it can be natural or man-made.
Solid
This hardens over time and therefore have limited mobility.
Solid
This refers to increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and places in the global age.
Liquidity
What are the characteristics of Liquidity?
- Forever ready to change
- Difficult to stop once it is on the move
- Tend to melt whatever stands in its path
This refers to the movement of people, things, ideas, and culture across the globe due to the advances in technology, economic and political integration, and establishment of global policies that lessens and eliminates the existing borders.
Flows
What are the five perspectives on the origin of globalization?
Hardwired, Cycles, Epochs, Events, and Broad, more recent Changes.
This proposes that globalization originated from the basic motivation of human beings to seek a better life (Chanda, 2007).
Hardwired
This explains that there is no single point of origin in globalization but it is a long-term cyclical process wherein the current global age today is only a modification of the global age in the past.
Cycles
This explain that there are waves of globalization that took place in the past and each of them has its own origin.
Epochs
this perspective is different from cycles and epochs as it specifies the event that is somehow responsible for the origin of globalization.
Events
this perspective views that the origin of globalization has taken place during the recent changes that happened in the 2nd half of the 20th century.
Broader, more recent Changes
What are the three Criticism on the Existing Evidences of Globalization
Rejectionist, Sceptics, and Modifiers
These are People who are against the utility of globalization as an incorrect analytical concept.
Rejectionist
They emphasizes the limited nature of the globalizing process and that the world is not as integrated as it is.
Sceptics
This disputes the novelty of the process, implying that the label ‘globalization’ has often been applied in a historically imprecise manner
Modifiers
What are the three theories of globalization?
World System Theory, World Polity Theory, and World Culture Theory
this theory believes that capitalism has spread around the world for the last five centuries from 1500 to the present.
World System Theory
In world Capitalism, what are the three major division of labor of each country?
Core, Peripheral, and Semi-Peripheral
These are powerful, wealthy, and industrialized countries that usually control and benefit from the global market.
Core
These countries own most of the world’s capital and technology and have great control over world trade and economic agreements.
Core
These are the countries that are dependent on core countries for capital and have an underdeveloped industry.
Peripheral
These countries generally provide labor and materials to core countries.
Peripheral
Countries that share characteristics of both core and periphery countries.
Semi-Peripheral
they also exploit peripheral countries just as core exploits the natural resources of peripheral countries.
Semi-Peripheral
It was developed as an analytical frame for interpreting global relations, structures, and practices.
World Polity Theory
It views the world system as a social system with a cultural framework called ______ ________.
World Polity
It is a label for a particular interpretation of globalization that focuses on the way in which participants in the process become conscious of and give meaning to living in the world as a single place.
World Culture Theory
What are the two impacts of Globalization?
Homogeneity and Heterogeneity
An impact of globalization that means an increasing sameness as information and ideas flow across boundaries.
Homogeneity
It is associated with the creation of local inputs leading to a variety of cultural hybrids.
Heterogeneity
it is the growing international influence of a particular culture.
Cultural Imperialism
It is a subcategory under the broader umbrella of cultural imperialism.
Media Imperialism
It is the process wherein the principle of one of the dominant fast-food restaurants in the United States of America is employed and used in almost different societies across the world.
Mcdonaldization
What are the principles that usually revolves around Mcdonaldization?
Efficiency, Predictability, and technological advancement
It is the desires and ambitions of different entities such as organizations, corporations, and other nations to influence others and impose their power throughout the world.
Globalization
Their major goals include expanding their power and seeing that their profits grow across different parts of the world.
Globalization
What are the three perspectives in the global cultural flow?
Cultural Differentialism, Cultural Hybridization, and Cultural Convergence
It states that there is a likelihood that other culture which is significantly different from one culture may clash if they get to interact.
Cultural Differentialism
It refers to a politics of integration without the need to give up cultural identity” (Pieterse, 2003, p. 56).
Cultural Hybridization
It is the process of increasing sameness by adopting global culture, ideas, and practices.
Cultural Convergence
This refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies (Shangquan, 2000).
Economic Globalization
From its viewpoint, Economic Globalization is a historical process that was the outcome of human evolution from traditional and primitive technology to the present technological advancement.
International Monetary Fund
The term sometimes also applies to the change of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders (Staff, I. M. F., 2008).
Economic Globalization
What are the four Interconnected Dimensions of Economic Globalization?
Goods and Services, Capital, Communication and Technology, and Market Exchange
These are tangible objects that satisfy people’s wants.
Goods
The total assets a company needs to stay solvent.
Capital
This has allowed the integration of economies worldwide through increases in trade, investment flows, and technology transfer.
Communication and Technology
it is an economic system in which goods and services are produced, distributed, and exchanged by the forces of price, supply, and demand.
Market Exchange
This refers to government policies that restrict international trade by imposing tariffs, quotas, product standards, and subsidies.
Protectionism
Reasons for implementing Protectionism
- To improve domestic economy by forcing citizens to purchase local products instead of imported products.
- For safety and quality concerns of both imported and exported products
What are the four primary policy tools of Protectionism?
Tariffs, Import Quotas, Product Standards, and Government Subsidies.
These are charges to importing countries in the form of either money or goods that will serve as a payment for allowing its international products to be sold in the local market.
Tariffs
These are the reasons for the increase of international product prices.
Tariffs
This is a kind of tariffs that lessen the number of products that can be imported for a certain period of time.
Import Quotas
This is a kind of barrier that imposes strict standards in imported products which may make it difficult for different importing countries to bring their goods in the local market.
Product Standards