contents of the abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different quadrants of the abdomen? 4

A
  • right upper quadrant
  • right lower quadrant
  • left upper quadrant
  • left lower quadrant
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2
Q

what are the different regions of the abdomen? 9

A
  • right hypochondriac region
  • epigastric region
  • left hypochondriac region
  • right lumbar region
  • umbilical region
  • left lumbar region
  • right inguinal (iliac) region
  • hypogastric (pubic) region
  • left inguinal (iliac) region
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3
Q

what is in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen? 6

A
  • Right lobe of liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Duodenum
  • Head of the pancreas
  • Hepatic flexure of colon
  • Part of ascending and transverse colon
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4
Q

what is in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen? 4

A
  • Cecum
  • Appendix
  • Ascending colon
  • Small intestine
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5
Q

what is in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen? 6

A
  • Stomach
  • Spleen
  • Left lobe of liver
  • Body of pancreas
  • Splenic flexure of colon
  • Part of transverse and descending colon
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6
Q

what is in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen? 3

A
  • Small intestine
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
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7
Q

what are the processes in the digestive system? 6

A
  • Ingestion
  • Secretion of digestive fluids
  • Mixing and propulsion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Defecation
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8
Q

describe the serous layer of the GI tract? 4

A
  • The outer membrane
  • Encloses several body cavities
  • Secretes a lubricating fluid
  • Outer epithelial layer (secretory) and inner layer (connective tissue with vessels)
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9
Q

describe the muscular layer of the GI tract? 2

A
  • Longitudinal or circular

- Responsible for the movement of the lumen contents

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10
Q

describe the mucosal layer of the GI tract? 4

A
  • Inner layer
  • Lines internal organs or cavities exposed to the external environment
  • Secrete mucus
  • Involved in absorption
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11
Q

describe the GI tract divisions? 6

A
  • Oral cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
  • Large intestine (colon
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12
Q

describe what is in the oral cavity? 4

A
  • teeth
  • palate
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
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13
Q

what are the teeth? 2

A
  • accessory organs

- assist mechanical digestion

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14
Q

what is the palate? 2

A
  • roof of mouth

- soft palate blocks the nasal cavity during swallowing

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15
Q

what is the tongue? 4

A
  • accessory organ
  • taste
  • assist mixing
  • swallowing
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16
Q

what does the pharynx do? 2

A
  • directs food into the oesophagus

- blocks entry into the trachea

17
Q

what is the oesophagus? 5

A
  • Muscular tube
  • Posterior to trachea
  • Upper edge is the pharynx
  • Pierces the diaphragm (T10)
  • Opens to the stomach
18
Q

describe the stomach? 6

A
  • Most dilated part of the alimentary canal
  • Between the oesophagus and the small intestine
  • J-shaped
  • Lies under the diaphragm and under the heart
  • 2 openings, curvatures, surfaces
  • Mechanical (muscle) and chemical (gastric juices) digestion
19
Q

what are some features of the stomach? 6

A
  • Cardial orifice- link to oesophagus
  • Pyloric orifice- link to small intestine
  • Lesser curvature (superior border)
  • Greater curvature (inferior border)
  • Pyloric and cardial sphincters
  • 3 layers muscles longitudinal, circular, oblique
20
Q

what is the small intestine? 5

A
  • Convoluted tube
  • Pylorus of stomach to ileocaecal junction
  • 5 metres in length
  • Subdivided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum
  • where digestion and absorption take place
21
Q

describe the duodenum? 5

A
  • 20-25 cm long
  • Retroperitoneal
  • C shaped- 4 parts= superior, descending, horizontal, ascending
  • Where the duct from the pancreas and gall bladder open (bile and pancreatic juices)
  • Ends at the duodenal-jejunal flexure
22
Q

describe the jejunum/ ileum? 3

A
  • At least 3m long from duodenal-jejunal flexure to ileocaecal junction
  • Site of absorption
  • a large surface area, further increased by circular folds and villi and microvilli, which increase motility as they are only attached at one end, and have one end free to move
23
Q

describe the large intestine? 6

A
  • Terminal division of the GI tract- from end of ileum to anus
  • 1.5m length; greater cross section compared to small
  • 4 parts (from right to left); ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
  • Ascending and descending are retroperitoneal
  • Absorption of water from faeces and expelling theses (defecating)
  • Rectum/anus contains sphincters which close the outside world except when defecating
24
Q

foregut:

  • artery
  • vein
  • lymphatics
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
A
  • celiac
  • portal
  • celiac nodes
  • celiac ganglia
  • vagus
25
Q

midgut:

  • artery
  • vein
  • lymphatics
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
A
  • superior mesenteric
  • superior mesenteric
  • superior mesenteric nodes
  • superior mesenteric ganglia
  • vagus
26
Q

hindgut:

  • artery
  • vein
  • lymphatics
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
A
  • inferior mesenteric
  • inferior mesenteric
  • inferior mesenteric nodes
  • inferior mesenteric ganglia
  • pelvic splanchnic
27
Q

describe the branches of the superior mesenteric artery? 5

A
  • supplies the distal part of the duodenum to proximal 2/3 transverse colon
  • jejunal and ileal branches
  • middle colic
  • right colic
  • ileocaecal
28
Q

describe the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A
  • distal 1/3 of transverse colon to halfway down the anal canal
  • left colic
  • sigmoid
  • superior rectal
29
Q

describes the lymphatics of the abdomen? 2

A
  • superior mesenteric nodes

- inferior mesenteric nodes

30
Q

describe autonomic innervation of the abdomen? 4

A
  • sympathetic:
  • splanchnic nerves
  • sympathetic trunk and ganglia
  • parasympathetic innervation:
  • vagus nerve
  • pelvic splanchnic nerves S2-4
31
Q

describe some gut associated glands? 4

A
  • liver
  • spleen
  • gall bladder
  • pancreas