Content from Exam 1

Question 1

Know the different subatomic particles, their location, charge, and weight

Answer 1

Atoms

Question 2

Proton

Answer 2

Location: Nucleus
Charge: Positive
Weight: 1 amu

Question 3

Neutron

Answer 3

Location: Nucleus
Charge: No charge
Weight: 1 amu

Question 4

Electron

Answer 4

Location: Orbitals/Electron cloud
Charge: Negative
Weight: 0 amu

Question 5

Chemical reactions

Answer 5

involve making/breaking of chemical bonds between reactive atoms

Question 6

Reactants

Answer 6

materials going into a reaction

Question 7

Products

Answer 7

materials coming out of a reaction

Question 8

What does the direction of the arrow tell you?

Answer 8

The direction of the reaction (reactant –> product)

Question 9

What are covalent bonds?

Answer 9

between non-metal atoms
- Involves the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms in their outer shells
- 1 electron is donated by each atom to make the pair of electrons
- single, double, and triple bonds

Question 10

How are single, double, and triple bonds different?

Answer 10

single- sharing of one pair of electrons
double- sharing of two pairs of electrons
triple- sharing of three pairs of electrons

Question 11

How are non polar and polar bonds different?

Answer 11

In NON polar covalent bonds, electrons are equally shared between two identical atoms (strongest type of bond)

In POLAR covalent bonds, electrons are unequally shared between two different atoms (ex. water)

Question 12

What are ionic bonds?

Answer 12

Involves one metal atom giving electrons to another non-metal atom so both can have filled valence shells
- Results in ions

Question 13

What is an ion?

Answer 13

atom that gained or lost whole electrons (ex. sodium and chlorine form salt NaCl)

Question 14

What is a cation?

Answer 14

Atom that loses electrons and is positively charged

Question 15

What is an anion?

Answer 15

Atom that gains electrons and is negatively charged

Question 16

What are cohesion and adhesion with relation to water?

Answer 16

Cohesion is when water molecules attract each other through hydrogen bonds.

Adhesion is when water molecules attract (or are attracted to) other polar molecules through hydrogen bonds.

Question 17

What are the three points of the cell theory?

Answer 17

1.) A cell is the basic unit of life
2.) All living organisms are made up of cells
3.) New cells arise only from pre-existing cells

Question 18

What is a bacterial wall composed of?

Answer 18

Peptidoglycan
- polysaccharides cross linked with glycine peptides
- semi rigid structure helps prevent lysis

Question 19

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative cell walls?

Answer 19

Gram positive has a thick cell wall (thick layer of peptidoglycan) and stains purple from iodine stain

Gram negative has a thin cell wall (thin layer of peptidoglycan) and stains red/pink from counterstain

Question 20

Cell labeling– organelle and functions

Answer 20

Cytoplasm- fluid inside cell where biochemical reactions take place

Cytoskeleton- supports and maintains cell shape

Plasma membrane- selective permeability/transport

Nuclear envelope- protects the nucleus

Nucleus- stores the genetic information

Endoplasmic reticulum- serves as a track to carry stuff to the membrane and back
*rough ER has ribosomes (makes proteins for secretion) while smooth ER does not (just modifies proteins)

Golgi apparatus- modification and sorting of proteins

Mitochondria- makes ATP

Ribosomes- protein synthesis

Question 21

What is the theory of endosymbiosis for both mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Answer 21

Aerobic respiration evolved in prokaryotes
- an early eukaryotic cell endocytose an aerobic bacterium and evolved into mitochondrion

• an early eukaryotic cell that already contained mitochondria engulfed a cyanobacterium that evolved into the chloroplast

Question 22

What organisms developed into the mitochondria and chloroplasts and how?

Answer 22

An early eukaryotic cell evolved into mitochondrion

An early eukaryotic cell that already contained mitochondria engulfed a cyanobacterium that evolved into the chloroplast

Question 23

What is the evidence of this theory of endosymbiosis?

Answer 23

Evidence for mitochondria:
- double membranes
~ one from plasma membrane and one from bacterium
- contain their own small circular genomes like prokaryotes
- prokaryote-like ribosomes
- divide independently of nucleus in a precess similar to binary fission

Evidence for chloroplast:
- triple membrane system
~ Cyanobacteria have a plasma membrane with internal membranes where photosynthesis takes place
- contain their own small circular genomes like prokaryotes
- prokaryote-like ribosomes
- divide independently to binary fission

Question 24

How are animal and plant cells similar and different?

Answer 24

Plant cells have cell wall, chloroplasts, and central vacuoles while animal cells do not

Question 25

Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 25

Prokaryote
- bacteria and archaea
- unicellular
- small in size
- no membrane bound nucleus or organelles
- no microtubules/microfilaments
- no endo/exocytosis
- binary fission
- genetic information is circular
- small ribosomes

Eukaryote
- plant, animal, fungi, protists
- unicellular or multicellular
- large in size
- true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- microtubules/microfilaments
- endo/exocytosis
- mitosis or meiosis
- DNA is linear
- large ribosomes

Question 26

What are the 4 macromolecules?

Answer 26

1.) protein
2.) nucleic acids
3.) carbohydrates
4.) fat/triglyceride

Question 27

The monomers/bonds for each of the four types of macromolecules

Answer 27

Protein- amino acid; peptide bonds (PAP)
Nucleic acid- nucleotide; phosphodiester bond (NNP)
Carbohydrate- monosaccharide; glycosidic linkage (CMG)
Fat- lipids; ester linkage (FLE)

Question 28

How are the different types of macromolecules formed/broken down?

Answer 28

Formation of macromolecules by dehydration synthesis (water as a product)

Breakdown of macromolecules by hydrolysis (water as a reactant)

Question 29

Functions of biological membranes

Answer 29

• acts as a selective barrier for the cell
• allows for compartmentalization between cell and their environment as well as between cytoplasm and organelles

Question 30

What are the differences between passive and active transport?

Answer 30

Passive transport requires no energy and is from a high to low concentration; activate transport requires energy since moving from a low concentration to a high concentration

Question 31

Which kind of transport requires energy?

Answer 31

Active transport

Question 32

Differences between isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic and the effect each would have on a cell

Answer 32

Isotonic- equal amounts of solute inside/outside the cell and has no effect on the cell since no net water movement

Hypotonic- less solute outside the cell and more water outside the cell; this means water moves into the cell and can lead to lysis

Hypertonic- more solute outside the cell so less water outside the cell; this means water moves out of the cell and can lead to crenation

Question 33

What are the three different types of transporters and what are the differences between them?

Answer 33

1.) Uniport- transport 1 solute in 1 direction
- coupled transport:
2.) symport- couple transport of 2 solutes in the SAME direction
3.) antiport- couple transport of 2 solutes in OPPOSITE directions

Question 34

What is the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis?

Answer 34

Exocytosis involves exporting molecules via FUSION of a vesicle with the plasma membrane (bringing things out)

Endocytosis involves importing substances via FORMATION of vesicles at the cell surface (bringing things in)

Question 35

What are the three types of endocytosis? What are the details/differences of each?