Content from Exam 1 Flashcards
Know the different subatomic particles, their location, charge, and weight
Atoms
Proton
Location: Nucleus
Charge: Positive
Weight: 1 amu
Neutron
Location: Nucleus
Charge: No charge
Weight: 1 amu
Electron
Location: Orbitals/Electron cloud
Charge: Negative
Weight: 0 amu
Chemical reactions
involve making/breaking of chemical bonds between reactive atoms
Reactants
materials going into a reaction
Products
materials coming out of a reaction
What does the direction of the arrow tell you?
The direction of the reaction (reactant –> product)
What are covalent bonds?
between non-metal atoms
- Involves the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms in their outer shells
- 1 electron is donated by each atom to make the pair of electrons
- single, double, and triple bonds
How are single, double, and triple bonds different?
single- sharing of one pair of electrons
double- sharing of two pairs of electrons
triple- sharing of three pairs of electrons
How are non polar and polar bonds different?
In NON polar covalent bonds, electrons are equally shared between two identical atoms (strongest type of bond)
In POLAR covalent bonds, electrons are unequally shared between two different atoms (ex. water)
What are ionic bonds?
Involves one metal atom giving electrons to another non-metal atom so both can have filled valence shells
- Results in ions
What is an ion?
atom that gained or lost whole electrons (ex. sodium and chlorine form salt NaCl)
What is a cation?
Atom that loses electrons and is positively charged
What is an anion?
Atom that gains electrons and is negatively charged
What are cohesion and adhesion with relation to water?
Cohesion is when water molecules attract each other through hydrogen bonds.
Adhesion is when water molecules attract (or are attracted to) other polar molecules through hydrogen bonds.
What are the three points of the cell theory?
1.) A cell is the basic unit of life
2.) All living organisms are made up of cells
3.) New cells arise only from pre-existing cells
What is a bacterial wall composed of?
Peptidoglycan
- polysaccharides cross linked with glycine peptides
- semi rigid structure helps prevent lysis
What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative cell walls?
Gram positive has a thick cell wall (thick layer of peptidoglycan) and stains purple from iodine stain
Gram negative has a thin cell wall (thin layer of peptidoglycan) and stains red/pink from counterstain
Cell labeling– organelle and functions
Cytoplasm- fluid inside cell where biochemical reactions take place
Cytoskeleton- supports and maintains cell shape
Plasma membrane- selective permeability/transport
Nuclear envelope- protects the nucleus
Nucleus- stores the genetic information
Endoplasmic reticulum- serves as a track to carry stuff to the membrane and back
*rough ER has ribosomes (makes proteins for secretion) while smooth ER does not (just modifies proteins)
Golgi apparatus- modification and sorting of proteins
Mitochondria- makes ATP
Ribosomes- protein synthesis
What is the theory of endosymbiosis for both mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Aerobic respiration evolved in prokaryotes
- an early eukaryotic cell endocytose an aerobic bacterium and evolved into mitochondrion
- an early eukaryotic cell that already contained mitochondria engulfed a cyanobacterium that evolved into the chloroplast
What organisms developed into the mitochondria and chloroplasts and how?
An early eukaryotic cell evolved into mitochondrion
An early eukaryotic cell that already contained mitochondria engulfed a cyanobacterium that evolved into the chloroplast
What is the evidence of this theory of endosymbiosis?
Evidence for mitochondria:
- double membranes
~ one from plasma membrane and one from bacterium
- contain their own small circular genomes like prokaryotes
- prokaryote-like ribosomes
- divide independently of nucleus in a precess similar to binary fission
Evidence for chloroplast:
- triple membrane system
~ Cyanobacteria have a plasma membrane with internal membranes where photosynthesis takes place
- contain their own small circular genomes like prokaryotes
- prokaryote-like ribosomes
- divide independently to binary fission
How are animal and plant cells similar and different?
Plant cells have cell wall, chloroplasts, and central vacuoles while animal cells do not
Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryote
- bacteria and archaea
- unicellular
- small in size
- no membrane bound nucleus or organelles
- no microtubules/microfilaments
- no endo/exocytosis
- binary fission
- genetic information is circular
- small ribosomes
Eukaryote
- plant, animal, fungi, protists
- unicellular or multicellular
- large in size
- true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- microtubules/microfilaments
- endo/exocytosis
- mitosis or meiosis
- DNA is linear
- large ribosomes
What are the 4 macromolecules?
1.) protein
2.) nucleic acids
3.) carbohydrates
4.) fat/triglyceride
The monomers/bonds for each of the four types of macromolecules
Protein- amino acid; peptide bonds (PAP)
Nucleic acid- nucleotide; phosphodiester bond (NNP)
Carbohydrate- monosaccharide; glycosidic linkage (CMG)
Fat- lipids; ester linkage (FLE)
How are the different types of macromolecules formed/broken down?
Formation of macromolecules by dehydration synthesis (water as a product)
Breakdown of macromolecules by hydrolysis (water as a reactant)
Functions of biological membranes
- acts as a selective barrier for the cell
- allows for compartmentalization between cell and their environment as well as between cytoplasm and organelles
What are the differences between passive and active transport?
Passive transport requires no energy and is from a high to low concentration; activate transport requires energy since moving from a low concentration to a high concentration
Which kind of transport requires energy?
Active transport
Differences between isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic and the effect each would have on a cell
Isotonic- equal amounts of solute inside/outside the cell and has no effect on the cell since no net water movement
Hypotonic- less solute outside the cell and more water outside the cell; this means water moves into the cell and can lead to lysis
Hypertonic- more solute outside the cell so less water outside the cell; this means water moves out of the cell and can lead to crenation
What are the three different types of transporters and what are the differences between them?
1.) Uniport- transport 1 solute in 1 direction
- coupled transport:
2.) symport- couple transport of 2 solutes in the SAME direction
3.) antiport- couple transport of 2 solutes in OPPOSITE directions
What is the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis?
Exocytosis involves exporting molecules via FUSION of a vesicle with the plasma membrane (bringing things out)
Endocytosis involves importing substances via FORMATION of vesicles at the cell surface (bringing things in)
What are the three types of endocytosis? What are the details/differences of each?
