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Cell & Molec FINAL > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Cycle

A

process by which cells replicate their chromosomes and separate them into two new cells
- Resulting cells contain the same genetic material as the original

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2
Q

Prokaryotic

A
  • Lack a true nucleus or sub cellular organelles
  • Bacteria and archaea
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3
Q

Eukaryotic

A
  • have a true nucleus and sub cellular organelles
  • all other organisms on this planet (fungi, plants, and humans)
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4
Q

Prokaryotic cell cycle

A

Reproduce asexually
1.) Bacterial chromosome is replicated (copied)
2.) Two copies are anchored on opposite sides of the cell
3.) Binary fission

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5
Q

Binary fission

A

cell divides in half
- Each resulting cell has an identical copy of the bacterial chromosome = genetically identical

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6
Q

Who coined the term mitosis?

A

Walther Flemming observed cell division and coined term mitosis

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7
Q

Mitos

A

“warped thread”

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8
Q
  • osis
A

process

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8
Q

Interphase

A

all other cells that are between mitosis

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9
Q

G1 of interphase

A

Gap (Growth) phase
- normal cellular function/preparation for S

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9
Q

G0 of interphase

A

cell cycle exit (arrest)
- normal cellular function WITHOUT dividing

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9
Q

S phase of interphase

A

Synthesis phase
- DNA replication

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9
Q

G2 phase of interphase

A

Gap (growth) phase
- preparation for mitosis

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9
Q

Mitosis

A

division of the nucleus
cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm

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9
Q

Cell cycle control

A

controlled through reversible phosphorylation and dephosphorylation

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10
Q

Molecular switches

A

Addition of phosphate group turns activity of proteins on and/or off

11
Q

Kinase

A

enzyme that adds phosphate groups

12
Q

Phosphatase

A

enzyme that removes phosphate groups
- depends on protein (and/or the phosphorylation site), can either activate or repress a protein’s function

13
Q

Cyclin Dependent Kinases (Cdks)

A

Add phosphates to other proteins
- drive transitions between phases of the cell cycle

14
Q

Are Cdks always present in the cell?

A

Yes, but can be inactive

15
Q

Activation of Cdks

A

1.) Bound to cyclin (cyclin levels fluctuate with the cell cycle; Cdk is only turned on when the cell wants to progress through the cell cycle)
2.) Addition of an activating phosphorylation (Cyclin-Cdks can auto phosphorylate themselves)
3.) Removal of inhibitory phosphates is done by phosphatase

16
Q

Different cyclin-cdk complexes regulate different phases of the cell cycle

A

G1-Cdk
S-Cdk
M-Cdk
Activation of the next cyclin-Cdk complex induces inactivation of the previous phase cyclin-Cdk

17
Q

Ex. what causes the destruction of S phase cyclin?

A

M-Cdk; turns off the S-Cdk during mitosis

18
Q

How is Cyclin degradation done?

A

Via ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis

19
Q

76 aa protein

A

Ubiquitin (Ub)

20
Q

Phosphorylation of the cyclin is the signal for ubiquitylation

A
  • Poly-Ub signal for protein to be degraded
    ~ Directs protein to proteasome
  • Ubiquitylated proteins (cyclin) degraded in proteasome
21
Q

Two types of cell death

A

1.) Necrosis
2.) Apoptosis

22
Q

Necrosis

A

Usually resulting from injury or disease

23
Q

Characteristics of Necrosis

A
  • Affects groups of neighboring cells
  • Chromatin clumping/random DNA fragmentation
  • Swollen cell/organelles
  • Burst mitochondria
  • Cellular lysing and release of intracellular components
  • Inflammation of neighboring tissues
24
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

25
Q

Characteristics of Apoptosis

A
  • Affects single cell
  • Ordered (non-random) DNA fragmentation
  • Nuclear compaction and fragmentation
  • Mitochondria remain intact
  • Cell membrane blebbing
  • Phagocytosis by neighboring cells = no inflammation response
26
Q

Which cell death shows distinctive blebbing from the cell surface?

A

Apoptosis

27
Q

Critical part of many developmental processes

A

Apoptosis
(ex. frog losing its tadpole tail)
(ex. humans get rid of the webbing between fingers)

28
Q

G0 Phase

A

Animal cells can exit the cell cycle and remain quiescent

29
Q

G1 Phase

A

cell grows in size
- cell doubles organelles
- LONGEST phase

30
Q

S Phase

A

DNA replication

31
Q

G2 Phase

A

Proteins needed for division are synthesized

Cell & Molec FINAL (8 decks)

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