CONTENT EX 1 Flashcards
Type 1
Type 2
Type 2b
- Slow-oxidative (type I) fibers (red, slow twitch)
- Fast-oxidative (type IIa) fibers (red, fast twitch)
- Fast-glycolytic (type IIb, also known as type IIx) fibers (white, fast twitch)
Dermatome of hand
C6 thumb
C7 Index Finger
median nerve also does appropriate finger tips
Type Ia fiber
Type Ib fiber
Type II fiber
gamma motor neurons
Type 1a primary, respond to the RATE of change in muscle LENGTH, as well to change in VELOCITY, rapidly adapting. ACTIVATE WHEN THE MusCLE IS PASSIVELY stretched
Type 1b in Golgi tendon organ, when the muscle is ACTIVEly strecthed
Type II provide position sense of a still muscle, fire when the muscle is static
gamma motor neurons Adjust the sensitivity of the spindle
titin
Desmin
nebulin
Dystrophin
Titin acts like a spring limits how far the sarcomere can be stretched
Z disks of one myofibril are bound to the Z disks of its neighbors via intermediate filament Desmin. Also links Z disks to attachment sites on the plasma membrane, Costameres. Costameres contain several cytoskeletal proteins, including vinculin, talin, spectrin, and ankyrin. Desmin mutations→ disorganization of myofibrils→generalized muscle failure.
nebulin Actin
Dystrophin (a member of the alpha-actinin protein superfamily) is a key component of dystroglycan-sarcoglycan transmembrane complex that links the CORTICAL CYTOSKELETON to the BASAL LAMINA and, therefore, to the extracellular matrix outside Looks like ACTIN filaments to sarclemma
{In patients with Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, dystrophin is defective or absent that leads to a
disruption of the sarcolemma, which allows an unregulated Ca2+ entry, causing myofiber necrosis.}
Cytoskeletal actin to the dystroglycan complex
Diflusinal
DIFLUNISAL [Dolobid] A difluorophenyl derivative of salicyclic acid
Distinctive features of diflunisal
1) Longer half-life that allows twice daily dosing
2) Lower incidence of gastrointestinal irritation than aspirin (recall that GI effects result
from systemic action)
3) Not useful in the treatment of fever as diflunisal does not cross blood brain barrier
4) Effect on platelet aggregation is not significant in therapeutic doses
SALICYLATE
- ASPIRIN
- diflusinal
- salicylates
DHP receptors
T tubules
Hepcidin
States of high hepcidin levels (including inflammatory states), serum iron levels can drop because iron is trapped inside macrophages. This may lead to anemia.
Hepcidin inhibits iron transport by binding to the iron export channel ferroportin, Inhibiting ferroportin prevents iron from being exported and the iron is sequestered in the cells
IL- 6 AFFECT
Protein C
Protein C also known as autoprothrombin IIA and blood coagulation factor XIV. Proteolytically inactivates protein 5a and Factor 8a. ANTICOAGULANT.
VITAMIN K dependent!!!
Ankyrin
Ankyrins are a family of adaptor proteins that mediate the attachment of integral membrane proteins to the Spectrin-Actin based membrane cytoskeleton. Ankyrins have binding sites for the beta subunit of Spectrin and at least 12 families of integral membrane proteins. This linkage is required to maintain the integrity of the plasma membranes and to anchor specific ion channels, ion exchangers and ion transporters in the plasma membrane.
MHC1 innnate immunity
proteosome of the MHC 1
Into ER through the TAP transport
CALENEXIN bound to MHC 1, Beta 2 Microglobulin binds to MHC1
-Calreticulin ERPs and Tapasin bind to the MHC 1 molecule, this allow the Beta macroglobulin peptide to be added Antigen presentation
MHC 1 molecule then leaves the ER in an endosome.
MHC 2 lysosome mediated
Lysosome binds in to the endosome MHC class 2 (alpha, beta) is within the endosome it is bound by LI so nothing can bind to it, LI blocks the site of binding Acidic environment of endosome breaks down LI (invariant chain peptide) to CLIP (class 2-associated invariant chain peptide) HLA-DM binds to MHC 2 releasing CLIP •MHC 2 endosome binds to endosome containing the pathogen and lysosome
“never liked more acid base”
neutrophils over half • Lymphocytes over 25% • Monocytes around 5% • Acidophils 1-3% • Basophils 1%
T helper cell 1
T helper cell 2
Th1 - macrophage, interferon gamma and TGF beta
Th2 - B cell, IL4, IL5
Thrombin positive feedback
Antithrombin 3?
ABO
- affects factors 11,5,8…. thrombin is factor 2!
- An endogenous inhibitor of factor 10a, and thrombin
- B antigen galactose
- A antigen galactosamine
Troponin
Troponin is a complex of three globular proteins:
-Troponin T (“T” for tropomyosin) attaches the troponin complex to tropomyosin.
-Troponin I (“I” for inhibition) inhibits the interaction of actin and myosin.
-Troponin C (“C” for Ca2+) is the Ca2+-binding protein that, when bound to Ca2+,
permits the interaction of actin and myosin.
