Contemporary Urban Environments Flashcards
(emphasis on property-led initiatives) - Docklands case study - urban policy part 1
* What was the aim? What year?
* What were the issues prior to the initiative?
London Docklands Development Coorperation
* 1981
* Aim to regenerate hundreds of acres of industrial wasteland after deindustrialisation
* 1800s onwards - Isle of Dogs suffered from deteriorating housing, considered unsatisfactory
* 50% of docklands was derelict
* Out migration of rich people to suburbs led to unemployment rate of 24% by 1981
(emphasis on property-led initiatives) - Docklands case study - urban policy part 2
* What was done by the LDRC?
* What were the postitive impacts of the redevelopment at the time?
* Who led regeneration?
- Went on to build large projects aimed at bringing investment back to the docklands
- Transport improvements - DLR and Jubilee Rail extention
- London City airport
- New high-rises - allowed large businesses to accomodate all employees in one site (less horizontal space used)
- Now, studies show £10 of investment for every pound spent, evidence of multiplier effect
(emphasis on property-led initiatives) - Docklands case study - urban policy part 3
* what is the current situation in the docklands? What attracts businesses now?
* What were the issues at the time of redevelopment
- Docklands overtook City of London as economic and financial hub
- 6 biggest banks now have HQs in docklands, jointly employ over 50,000 workers (HSBC, Morgan Stanley, Citigroup, Barclays)
- Canary Wharf time zone is benificial as acts as bridge between US and far East (Japan and China) for all trade/business
- English language is language of business world
- Displacement of poorer previous residents as prices increased (gentrification)
- Older locals were not skilled enough to gain high paying jobs, so resorted to low paying menial services e.g. barista or cleaner
- 2016 Brexit had an impact on CWharf - restricted flow of money from EU financial due to trading restrictions
- 1985 - When work first began, lots of opposition in community groups as potential break-up of community and segregation - only a few victories w.g. Cherry Garden Estate - retained by council for locals, little done to aid employment rates.
(partership schemes and competiton-led policy) - Hulme case study Manchester part 1
* What happened in the 1960s to stain Hulme’s reputation? (Social issues, housing issues, design issues, gov issues)
- Hulme - Greater Manchester
- 1960s - part of slum clearance programme
- High rise flats built 98% council owned
- Poor design features and prefabricated construction
- Low number of family homes, single ownership was common
- Lots of families and single parents, and lots of people with social difficulties
- Evidence of alledged dump for government
(partership schemes and competiton-led policy) - Hulme case study Manchester part 2
* What was the name and aims of the strategy? Whendid it occur?
- 1990s , Hulme City Challenge
- Plan to build 3000 new homes
- Shopping areas, recreational and community facilities
- More traditional design/pattern of development, streets and squares, 2 storey housing and lowr-rise flats
(partership schemes and competiton-led policy) - Hulme case study Manchester part 3
* By 1995, what were some of the achievements?
* Partenrships between which stakeholders were formed?
* What secondary development occured in 2002?
* What happened to Hume Arch?
by 1995:
* Majority of all deck access flats had been demolished
* 50 acres of land had been reclaimed
* 600 new homes built
* 400 homes refurbished
* Main shopping area had been refurbished - now contains an Asda
* New community centre - Zion Centre
* Crime reduction and greater social mix in residents
In 2002, Moss side sports and leisure complex upgraded for commonwealth games in 2002
Partnerships between:
* Bellway Homes
* Guiness Trust
* Manchester city council
* Manchester Airport (invested capital)
Hulme Arch became a symbol of regeneration - supports main roads, became re-established landmark
What is devolution?
the transfer of power from the central government to subnational levels of government at the regional or local level.
What are some pros and cons of devolution and formation of Mayors?
Pros:
* Mayors can act as advocate for local area and lobby for investments and growth
* Voters have someone to hold account of when decisions are made - ability to vote for mayor increases democracy
* Reduces one-size-fits-all policies from national governments and gives region the power to decide themselves how money and funds are allocated
* Mayors have to be responsive to electorate (voters) by finding ways to engage with the public and stakeholders
* Economic and social decisions must be carefully balanced, can lead to lots of pressure on Mayors
Cons:
* May be too much power for a single person - issues of abuse of power
* Economic and social decisions must be carefully balanced, can lead to lots of pressure on Mayors
What is economic inequality?
The difference between levels of living standards and income across the population .
What is social segregation?
When a group/ groups of people live apart from the larger population due to factors such as religion or age
What is a megacity? Why are they important? Where are megacities located? Where are they NOT?
A megacity is a city that has a population of over 10 million people.
Their large work force means that they are hubs of economic activity.
In 1950 there were only 2 : London and Tokyo.
By 2030, there will be 43.
Most megacities are around the equator, and concentrated in Asia.
Examples include Mumabai, NYC, London, Dehli, Shanghai, Beijing, Karachi, and Tokyo.
The largest megacity is Tokyo (37.8 million)
Areas that lack megacities are Russia, Australia, N. America (Canada) and the Arctic Circle
What is a world city?
A world city is a city of high global significance. They have significant social, political, and economic influence on a global scale.
They are defined by their importance in global affairs, NOT by their size.
They usually drive global economies and businesses, and are global hubs of banking and finance.
They are characterised for their rich culture, and are very well connected to the rest of the world.
What are some attributes of a world city?
Political:
- High government abmitions (Lots of funding and attention to projects) (NS DIVIDE)
- Host to HQs of international governing bodies (UNESCO, WHO, UN)
- National seat of democratic gov (e.g. Dehli)
Cultural:
- Presitigious universities and research institutes
- Centre of art and entertainment
Economic:
- Major international banking hub, insurance, and financial services (e.g. Bank in London, PwC)
- Strong presence of TNCs (Disney, Citibank, HSBC)
- Presigious equity market
Technological:
- State-of-the-art communication links
- Centre of research and development
- Good access by air
Demographic:
- Well educated students
- Large population
- High ethnic dversity and tolerance
How do cities develop as they urbanise (economic)?
- Attract lots of people from rural areas due to job opportunities and higher pay
- As the population increases, business grow in siz and become more profitable
- Commercial farming overtakes sustenance farming, forcing unemployed people into towns and cities
How to cities develop as they urbanise (socially)
- lots of migrants, lots of diversity within a city
- higher living standards due to better public services
- Tolerance of people from different backgrounds, but also segregation due to inequality and purposeful iscolation
How do cities develop as they grow (technologically)?
- Emergence of factories and manufacturing industry - lead to hotspot for technological advancement
- More recent high-tech industries, as move to service economy, people gain higher paying jobs
How do cities develop as they grow (politically)?
- urban growth can lead to inequalities between rich and poor (e.g. working class from manufacturing jobs vs upper class from services economy)
- New political movements emerge - political reform so that lower class can regain power over the city (advocate for change in issues e.g. housing quality)
How do cities develop as they grow (demographically)?
- as they become larger and wealthier, they attract more migrants globally, increases cultural diversity
- lots of young people are attracted by jobs and entertainment and are likely to start families - leads to younger populations than rural areas.
