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Human Geography > Contemporary urban environments > Flashcards

Contemporary urban environments Flashcards

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1
Q

urbanisation

A

increase of proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas, 55% of people live in urban areas which is a 25% from 1950

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2
Q

rates of urbanisation

A

its decreasing and the rate of rural to urban migration is also decreasing

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3
Q

suburbanisation

A

urban areas grow so that surrounding rural areas get absorbed into urban areas, this can be bad as it leads to inner city areas becoming deprived

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4
Q

counter urbanisation

A

process of people moving out of cities into rural areas which can occur as people seek a better standard of life

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5
Q

urban resurgence

A

process of people moving back into the city

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6
Q

megacities

A

population over 10 million

  • number of megacities has been rising since 1950s when there were 2 and now there are 31
  • Tokyo 2015- 31 million, 2025-39.8million
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7
Q

world cities

A

cities which have significance politically and economically on a global scale, they also have rich culture, for example London, New York, Tokyo

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8
Q

urbanisation leads to

A
  • increase in culture
  • employment shifts from primary to tertiary sector
  • demographic changes
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9
Q

urban change

A

urban areas are dynamic and experience lots of change due to different processes happening in society

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10
Q

deindustrialisation

A

decline of industry within a place measured by reduction of industry employment, normally insufficient resources to help people out and create opportunities for them

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11
Q

drivers of tertiary sector expansion

A

rising affluence- services have grown to match supply due to rising disposable incomes, technological change- technology has enabled businesses to expand beyond geological limits

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12
Q

decentralisation

A

process of urban developments away from the city centre such as large retail parks away from the city

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13
Q

urban regeneration in Britain

A

1980-98 policies to ensure effective use of land, 1981-now, enterprise zones are specific areas of land with tax breaks and other incentives, 1982-now, government grants to develop some areas of land, 1990-now several new initiatives set up to help regeneration

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14
Q

urban forms

A

refers to the characteristics of a city such as layout size and land use

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15
Q

mixed use developments

A

areas separated for different uses of land such as residential, industrial and commercial

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16
Q

cultural and heritage quarters

A

areas which are recognised for having particular cultural importance

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17
Q

edge cities

A

area of business, shops and entertainment services on the outskirts of cities

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18
Q

fortress developments

A

gated communities which are secured off from the public

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19
Q

post modern western cities

A

idea that contemporary cities are changing their industries, architectural style and land use to keep up with changes in society

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20
Q

gentrification

A

process of housing improvements associated with poorer people being moved out because they can’t afford the new nice houses

21
Q

benefits of gentrification

A

rise in level of prosperity and range of services, increased tax revenue for local authority, improved physical environment

22
Q

costs of gentrification

A

threat to a community, tension between new and old residents, losses to lower order local services, low income get priced out of places

23
Q

CBD

A

central business district is present in almost every urbanised areas

24
Q

Inner city land use

A

In LICs inner city areas are normally home to high cost luxury apartments, HICs high rise flats are present where rent is usually cheaper and quality of life is poorer

25
Q

Suburban areas in HICs and LICs

A

in HICs the more expensive housing is usually located in the suburban areas whereas in LICs its usually poorer housing such as slums

26
Q

Economic inequality in urban areas

A

urban areas usually have large gaps between the rich and the poor especially in LICs where because the difference is so large many people are forced into homelessness, which can lead to higher rates of crime

27
Q

social issues caused by inequality

A

people can be forced into crime especially in LICs where the gap is more severe, in Rio de Janeiro many gangs have emerged as a result of this which causes threats to those communities

28
Q

benefits of cultural diversity

A

people migrate to cities hoping for a better quality of life which brings in different cultures to that area which is beneficial as it can bring tourism to an area

29
Q

problems with cultural diversity

A

people may not be tolerant to these people coming into the city, new cultures may feel under represented and not have the access to their culture, may not be the resources in place to help them for example if they don’t speak the language

30
Q

social segregation

A

is caused by cultural diversity and is when people live in bubbles of their own cultures and live apart from others

31
Q

social segregation issues

A

areas can have racism, people can feel isolated

32
Q

strategies to managing urban issues

A

city minimum wages, fair rent and housing policies, recognising informal housing issues, encouraging multiculturalism

33
Q

urban policies and regeneration

A

restraining- leads to higher skilled workforce, economic policies-governments can encourage people to do business with incentives, environmental policies-government can set out environmental standards

34
Q

role of government policies

A

investing in infrastructure helps accessibility, can control the type of housing developments, decisions about International migration, can create business environments

35
Q

re-urbanisation

A

large scale movement back into city centres

36
Q

trends in re-urbanisation

A

increase in central residential buildings, increase in student centred places, growth of 24 hour culture and entertainment districts, growing effectiveness of public transport

37
Q

urban heat island effect

A

characteristics and activity within urban areas means that they retain and produce more heat than the areas around them

38
Q

reasons for urban heat islands

A

wasted heat from urban activities such as traffic and homes, urban materials such as concrete, lack of evapotranspiration(heat is usually lost through this) because of a lack of vegetation

39
Q

weather in urban areas

A

atmospheric instability which causes greater cloud coverage, altering wind because of obstructing tall buildings, aerosols and particulates cause water vapour to condense causing clouds

40
Q

wind in urban areas

A

wind is greatly restricted in urban areas because of tall buildings but turbulence can be caused as air is forced into a small space

41
Q

reasons for poor air quality in urban areas

A

vehicle exhausts, industrial activities, construction work

42
Q

photochemical smog

A

particular type of air pollution caused by particulates reacting with UV light which forms harmful pollutants such as ozone

43
Q

policies to reduce air pollution

A

legislations such as on cars, reducing congestion, technological improvements such as better fuel

44
Q

Mumbai case study

A

4th largest city in the world, 20.5 mil population, 40% of Indias foreign trade, 60% of people live in slums,

45
Q

east London regeneration

A

1982 London docklands regenerated including financial districts and improved transport links, most of east London suffered from deindustrialisation between 1960-70s

46
Q

What is fog

A

Low lying clouds which are less dense that mist

47
Q

Formation of fog

A
48
Q

Formation of fog

A

Requires low wind so it’s not dispersed, moisture in the air, and temperature to meet the dew point

49
Q

Dew point

A

The temperature to which air must be cooled to be able to be saturated with water vapour

Human Geography (2 decks)

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