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4th yr- CCD2- Ortho > contemporary orthodontics > Flashcards

contemporary orthodontics Flashcards

1
Q

List the 3 main types of appliances used in orthodontics

A
  1. Growth modification`tion appliances
  2. Appliances that move teeth within bony envelopes
  3. Retainers
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2
Q

What is the aim of growth modification appliances

A

Aim to alter growth

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3
Q

How do we choose which appliance to use in orthodontics

A

The aim of the treatment determines the most appropriate appliance
This is by accurate diagnosis is key

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4
Q

What might we want our orthodontic appliances to achieve?

A

Improve:

  1. Appearance
  2. Function
  3. Health
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5
Q

What use we ensure the appliance offers

A
  1. Comfortable treatment
  2. Acceptable apparente during the treatment
  3. Acceptable treatment time
  4. Lowest possible risk during treatment
  5. Long term stability
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6
Q

List the different type of growth modification appliances

A
  1. Class II growth modification
  2. Class III growth modification
  3. Transverse change
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7
Q

What is the of class II growth modification appliances

A

To improve class II dental and skeletal relationship

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8
Q

Gove examples of class II growth modification appliances

A

Functional appliance

Headgear

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9
Q

At what age are class II growth modification appliances most successful

A

During pubertal growth phase: 11-14 years

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10
Q

Name the different types of functional class II growth modification appliances

A
  1. Removable eg twin block and modem opening activator

2. Fixed

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11
Q

How long does a patent need to wear a removable functional class II growth modification appliances

A

22 hours a day

Only remove for cleaning, eating and sport

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12
Q

Describe what a twin block functional class II growth modification appliances

A

Two pieces that touch together to force the patent to bite forward

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13
Q

What is a medium opening activator

A

A single piece that patient bites into

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14
Q

Describe a fixed functional class II growth modification appliances

A

An appliances that attaches from an upper molar to a lower tooth
Piston arms force patient to bite forward

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15
Q

What affect do functional class II growth modification appliances

A

Mostly dental eg:

  1. Procline lower incisors
  2. Retrocline upper incisors
  3. Change molar relationship for class II to class I

Can also correct deep bite

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16
Q

What are the benefits of functional class II growth modification appliances

A
  1. Can correct class II malocclusion
  2. Can have a vertical effect
  3. Small improvements in gavial appearance
  4. Can be used with other fixed appliance §
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17
Q

What are some of the risk associated with functional class II growth modification appliances

A
  1. Failure rate through non compliance
  2. Can impact on quality of life eg speech, eating, discomfort
  3. Need to take out for sport
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18
Q

Describe head gear class II growth modification appliances

A
  1. Needs to worn more than 14 hours a fay
  2. Only take off for school or sleeping
  3. Do not wear for eating or sports
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19
Q

What effect does headgear class II growth modification appliances

A

Mostly dental eg:

  1. Retract molars
  2. Reduce overate by retroclining upper incisors

Head gear can also be used to reduce vertical proportions to correct anterior open bite

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20
Q

What are the benefits of headgear class II growth modification appliances

A
  1. Correct class II malocclusion
  2. Little changes to facial appearance
  3. Can be used in combination with other functional class II growth modification appliances
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21
Q

What are the risks associated with class II growth modification appliances

A
  1. Failure rate through non compliance
  2. Can be difficult to get sufficient hours
  3. Risk of damage to intramural, skin and eyes if not fitted properly
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22
Q

What is the aim of Class III growth modification appliances

A

To correct class III dental and skeletal relationship by either:

  1. Promoting maxillary growth
  2. Restricting mandibular growth
  3. Combination of both
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23
Q

Name the different types of Class III growth modification appliances

A
  1. Protraction face mask
  2. Reverse functional
  3. Chin cap
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24
Q

What is a protraction face mask

A

A frame that sits on chin and forehead that has elastics to make it fixed or removable

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25
Q

What does a protraction face mask do

A

It pulls maxilla froward using frame as anchorage

This promotes maxillary growth

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26
Q

How long do you need to wear a protraction face mask

A

At least 14 hours a day

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27
Q

At what age is a protraction faec mask most effective

A

Age 8-10

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28
Q

What are the benefits of a protraction face mask

A
  1. Can correct class III malocclusion

2. Can promote change to facial appearance

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29
Q

What are the risks associated with a protraction face mask

A
  1. Failure rate through non compliance
  2. Can be difficult to get sufficient hours
  3. Impacts quality of life
  4. May not prevent the need for further treatment
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30
Q

What further treatment might be needed following a protraction face mask

A

1/3 Of cases need orthodontic treatment later in life

1/3 of patients may still need OGN surgery

31
Q

What does a reverse functional class III growth modification appliance aim to do

A

Push the mandible back and the maxilla forward

32
Q

What is a chin cap Class III growth modification appliances

A

A cup on the chin and elastic force around the top of the head
This aims to retrain the mandible

33
Q

Out of the 3 Class III growth modification appliances which is the main one used in the UK

A

Protraction face mask

34
Q

What is the aim of transverse change appliances

A

To correct inter arch transverse relationship usually by expanding the maxilla to correct buccal cross bite

35
Q

When do we often use transverse change appliances

A

Before the mid palatal suture has fused

Around 14-15 years but large variation

36
Q

What is a transverse change appliances

A

A fit appliance that has an open screw that we tighten twice a day to allow of 0.5mm per day expansion of the maxilla

37
Q

What are the benefits of transverse change appliances

A
  1. Corrects buccal cross bites
  2. Creates space for aligning teeth
  3. Widens buccal corridor giving better aesthetics
38
Q

What are the risks of transverse change appliances

A
  1. Can be uncomfortable as tongue presses against the appliance
  2. Noises / soreness when turning the screw
  3. Nose bless can occur (not common)
  4. If bone does not split there’s a risk of pushing teeth buccal through cortical bone
  5. High risk of relapse
39
Q

What are the aims of fixed appliances

A

To correct malocclusion by repositioning teeth within existing bony envelope

40
Q

What are the Stages of fixed appliances

A
  1. Align
  2. Level
  3. Correct inter arch relationship
  4. Close spaces
  5. Root/ crown positioning
41
Q

How do we categorise fixed appliances

A
  1. By design
  2. Attachment surface
  3. Material used
42
Q

how can we categorise fixed appliances by design

A
  1. Conventional winged

2. Self ligating

43
Q

how can we categorise fixed appliances by attachment surface

A

Buccal or lingual

44
Q

how can we categorise fixed appliances by material

A
  1. Metal
  2. Ceramic
  3. Plastic
45
Q

Name the most common fixed appliance design

A

Conventional winged

46
Q

What basic principles do fixed appliances use to correct malocclusion

A
  1. 3D control
  2. Variabel force

The bracket and wire enable force to be transmitted to tooth

47
Q

What is more important bracket design or wire characteristics

A

Wire size shape and material

Bracket design doesn’t make much difference

48
Q

What determines the wire size

A

Bracket slot size

49
Q

What are the benefits of fixed appliances

A
  1. Excellent for aligning teeth
  2. Easily adaptable by clinician
  3. Can correct less severe AnteroPosterior, vertical and transverse issues
  4. Can be used with other appliances to increase scope of tooth movement
50
Q

What are the risk associated with fixed appliances

A
  1. Can be uncomfortable
  2. Risk of decalcification
  3. Can cause root resorption
  4. Risk of gingival recession if tooth movement not planned well
  5. Can only move teeth within existing bony envelope
51
Q

List some appliances that can be used alongside fixed appliances

A
  1. Quadhelix appliance
  2. Transpalatal arch
  3. Temporary anchorage devices
52
Q

What does a Quadhelix appliance do

A

Used to expand t5he maxillary arch

53
Q

What does a Transpalatal arch do

A

Support anchorage

54
Q

What is another name for temporary anchorage devices

A

Mini screws

55
Q

What do temporary anchorage devices do

A

They provide a traction point for force application

56
Q

What is the aim of fixed orthodontic appliances

A

To correct malocclusion by repositioning teeth within existing bony envelopes

57
Q

How is tooth movement achieved by a removable orthodontic appliances

A
  1. Active wire component

2, Thermoplastic material

58
Q

Give examples of a removable orthodontic appliances that uses an active wire component

A
  1. Traditional URA

2. Barré appliances

59
Q

What make sup a traditional URA

A
  1. Active component
  2. Retentive component
  3. Anchorage
  4. Baseplate that holds everything together
60
Q

What are the benefits of traditional URAs

A
  1. Correct minor tooth movements
  2. Highly adaptable
  3. Good adjunct to other treatments
  4. Can be useful interceptive devices
61
Q

What are the risks associated with traditional URAs

A
  1. Can be uncomfortable
  2. Can impact speech
  3. Limited scope for tooth movement
62
Q

Describe a Barré appliance

A

Is a double spring applause used to correct rotation and tip1 only in labial segment

63
Q

What are the benefits of a Barré appliance

A
  1. Can correct minor alignment issues
64
Q

What are the risks associated with Barré appliance

A
  1. Can be uncomfortable
  2. Can impact speech
  3. Limited scope for tooth movement
65
Q

Give an example of a removable orthodontic appliances that uses an thermoplastic materials

A

Aligners

66
Q

Describe what aligner do

A

They are thermoplastic appliances that move teeth incrementally (up to 0.2mm per aligner)

67
Q

How do we make an aligner

A
  1. Take full records of patients mouth
  2. Transfer all information digitally to lab with prescription
  3. Use CAD-CAM technology to reposition teeth according to prescription
  4. Manufacture a series of aligners to increment tally move teeth
68
Q

How many aligners does ti usually take to correct malocclusion

A

14 aligners used for 2 weeks each

69
Q

What are the benefits of aligners

A
  1. Good appearance as they are clear
  2. Can be removed fro social/ oH reasons
  3. Increasing scope for correcting malocclusion
70
Q

What are the risks associated with aligner

A
  1. Can be uncomfortable
  2. Removable so compliance can be an issue
  3. Still limiting tooth movement
  4. Not easily adjusted by clinician
  5. Software uses average values
  6. Need a very accurate prescription as all aligners made in lab
71
Q

What is the aim of a retainer

A

To resist relapse by holding the teeth in their new position

72
Q

How can retainers be classified

A
  1. Removable

2. Fixed

73
Q

Give examples of removable retainers

A
  1. Vacuum formed

2. Hawley

74
Q

How can fixed retainers be classified

A
  1. Direct or indirect
  2. By type of material
  3. By design and material

4th yr- CCD2- Ortho (7 decks)

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