Contemporary issues in physical alctivity and sport.

Question 1

Define ethics.

Answer 1

Rules that dictate an individuals conduct.

Question 2

Define deviance.

Answer 2

Unacceptable behaviours within a culture.

Question 3

Briefly describe blood doping.

Answer 3

Approx 2 pints of blood is removed from the body and frozen. It is injected back in, but as a result the persons red blood cell count would have increased, so higher levels of haemoglobin would be present. More O2 transported to working muscles, delaying muscular fatigue.

Question 4

Give 3 examples of performance-enhancing drugs.

Answer 4

1. Anabolic steroids. Enable performers to train harder and longer, increasing their strength.
2. Beta blockers. Control the HR and keep the athlete calm.
3. Stimulants. Brain stimulants that increases alertness. (Amphetamines)

Question 5

Give an example of a legal supplement.

GIve 2 disadavantages of using it.

Answer 5

Protein Shakes.

Causes kidney problems and affects bone density.

Question 6

Why do athletes use illegal drugs?

Answer 6

Culture of cheating in sport.
Desire to win.
Financial gain.
Governing bodies cant afford drug tests, so no threat of being caught.

Question 7

What consequences can arise form using drugs in sports?

Answer 7

1. Health issues. There can be severe dangers to health and well-being, and even death.
2. Recieve a ban, dropped from the team, dropped by sponsors.
3. Sport reflects society, so can encourage widespread drug use, even among children.
4. Lead to a culture of cheating in sport.

Question 8

What stratergies are used to stop the use of illegal drugs in sport?

Answer 8

WADA = World Anti-Doping Agency

Educate about health risks.
More harsh punichments; 4 year ban and lifetime ban if caught twice.

Question 9

Define violence.

Answer 9

Intense physical force that is directed towards harming another individual or group of individuals and can cause injury or death.

Question 10

Give 5 causes of violence in sport.

Answer 10

1. Desire to win can become overwhelming.
2. Type of sport (Rugby vs Javelin)
3. Spectators, aggressive when consuming alcohol.
4. Media/social media.
5. Athletes taking drugs.

Question 11

How can social media cause violence in sport?

Answer 11

Fights at football matches can be pre-arranged over social media.

Question 12

What are some social implications of violence in sport?

Answer 12

1. Violence is viewed as the “norm”, so children may adopt aggressive behaviours.
2. Encourages spectators to be aggressive.
3. Parents may stop letting children participate.

Question 13

What are some stratergies to prevent violence?

Answer 13

1. Use of punishments - bans, fines etc
2. Education to avoid violence.
3. Law enforcement - block spectators passports.
4. Promote friendships between rival teams.
5. CCTV cameras used in stadiums to spot violence.

Question 14

Define match fixing.

Give an example.

Answer 14

When a ports competition is played to a completely or pre-determined result.
2006 Italian football match fixing scandal

Question 15

Define bribery.

Answer 15

Form of persuasion (usually money) is used to convice someone to perform a ceratin way.

Question 16

What factors can lead to commercialisation?

Answer 16

> Increased participation in sport.
> Increased spectatorship.
> Increased media interest.
> Increased professionalism of athletes.
> More advertising.
> Dedicated TV channels / radio stations for sport.

Question 17

Give some positive impacts of commercialism

Answer 17

Increases interest in that sport
Increased money for the sport.
Increased money for the athlete.

Question 18

Give some negative impacts of commercialism

Answer 18

> Female sports are less popular, so results in fewer sponsors.
Disability sports rarely recieve media attention.
Pressure on individual sports athletes to please sponsors.
Prices to attend certain sporting events have increased dramatically.
Sporting clubs have become a brand (ETHIDAD stadium)

Question 19

How has the internet changed the way spectators wacth sport?

Answer 19

> More sports available to stream live.
Can watch on demand / on catch up
Can watch sport while travelling (on your phone)
Can watch some live sports for free.

Question 20

Give some changes in last 40 years that have occurred due to media coverage.

Answer 20

> More female and disability sports are now represented.
Pay per view introduced.
Introduction of dedicated radio stations for sport.

Question 21

Give some positive effects of the media on sport

Answer 21

> Raise the profile of a sport or players
Increase no of people participating
Increase financial revenue (sponsorship)
Sport more accessible to a wider audience due to different types of media (social media)

Question 22

Give some negative effects of the media on sport.

Answer 22

> Pressure on individual performers.
Highlights bad behaviour in sport / athletes
Media can be intrusive & interferes with personal lives
Media limited to major sports.
Subscriptions can be expensive
Many sport events are now subscription only.

Question 23

Briefly describe the golden triangle.

Answer 23

Relationship between sport spectators, sponsorship and the media.

Question 24

How has modern technology changed general participation in sport?

Answer 24

> Improved facilities and access to facilities.
Improved surfaces (Astro)
Wearable tech
Fitness testing can be done at home.

Question 25

What are some disadvantages of modern technology in sport?

Answer 25

> Media highlight on officials mistakes
Officials feel pressured to use the technology, rather than make their own decisions.
Can reduce entertainment, constant interruptions due to video playback.
Unfair advantages to elite performers and teams who can afford the expensive equipment.

Question 26

What is UK sport?

Answer 26

An organisation whose aim is the development of the country’s sportsmen and women.

Question 27

Describe the World Class Programme.

Answer 27

Operates at 2 levels:

1. Podium; supports athletes with realistic medal-winning capabilities at the next Olympic / Paralympic games.
2. Podium Potential; supports athletes whose performances suggest they have realistic medal-winning capabilities at the subsequent Olympic / Paralympic games.

Question 28

How does UK Sport develop elite athletes?

Answer 28

The main role of UK Sport is to invest National Lottery funds and income from the government to maximise the performance of UK athletes.It invests its income in two ways;

1. Funding for NGB’s; enables them to operate a World Class Programme and gives athletes access to personal and training support.
2. Funding athletes directly through the Athlete Performance Award APA); paid directly to athletes and contributes to their living and sporting costs.

Question 29

Describe the role of National Institutes in Sport

Answer 29

NSI's work with coaches to improve performance by giving technical support. 
Gives athletes access to top class facilities, physiotherapists etc...

Question 30

What role do schools and clubs have in developing sport?

Answer 30

> Provide PE lessons.
Coaches sent to schools.
Sport courses / qualifications
Sport teams and regular fixtures

Question 31

What role do universities have in developing sport?

Answer 31

> Offer sport scholarships / bursaries
Help start a career in sport
Funded through Talented Athlete Scheme

Question 32

What are the 7 Olympic values?

Answer 32

Respect
excellence
friendship
courage
determination
inspiration
equality

Question 33

What are the 4 Paralympic values?

Answer 33

Determination
Courage
Equality
Inspiration.