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x A2 PE > Applied anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

Applied anatomy and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 ways energy can exist in humans?

A
  • –> Chemical: held in foods we eat.
  • –> Potential: Chemicals are digested and stored as potential energy in the body tissues.
  • –> Kinetic: potential energy converted into kinetic energy as muscle contract.
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2
Q

Define ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate: high energy compound which is the only immediate source of energy for muscular contraction.

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3
Q

ATP is the universal what of the human body

A

ATP is the universal energy currency of the human body.

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4
Q

How is energy released from the breakdown of ATP?

A

Energy is released from the high energy phosophate bonds.

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5
Q

What is the catalyst called that breaks bonds in ATP?

A

ATPase

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6
Q

State ATP yield for the ATP-PC system

A

For every 1 mole of PC broken down, 1 mole of ATP can be resynthesised.

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7
Q

Identify the 3 energy systems that provide energy for ATP resynthesis

A

ATP-PC system Glycolytic System Aerobic system

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8
Q

What is a couple reaction

A

Products from one reaction are used in another reaction.

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9
Q

What sort of exercise does the ATP-PC system provide energy for?

A

Very high intensity exercise. (weightlifting, High jump, Vault)

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10
Q

Describe how the ATP-PC system resynthesises ATP

A 
As ATP levels decrease ADP & Pi levels increase.
Triggers release of creatine kinase.
Breaks down phosphocreatine (PC).
-----> Pi + C + Energy
-----> ADP + Pi + Energy
Resynthesises ATP.
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11
Q

What happens to the ATP-PC system after 8 seconds?

A

After 8 seconds the energy system will no longer be used as PC stores are all used up and stores are depleted.
ATP cant be effectively resynthesised after 10 seconds.
PC stores in muscles are exhausted.

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12
Q

Describe the stages of the glycolytic system in resynthesising ATP.

A

ATP levels decrease and ADP & Pi levels increase.
AS there is no PC this triggers the release of PFK (Phosphofructokinase).
Breaks down glucose.
—–> Energy + Pyruvic acid

ENERGY —-> 2ADP + 2Pi + Energy
—-> 2ATP

PYRUVIC ACID —-> Pyruvic acid + LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) ——> lactic acid.

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13
Q

What is the ATP yield of the glycolytic energy system?

A

2:1

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14
Q

How is glycogen broken down into glucose for the glycolytic energy system?
Where are glycogen and glucose stored?

A

Enzyme = glycogen phosphorylase.
Glucose is stored in muscles.
Glycogen is stored in muscles and the liver.

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15
Q

What are the effects of lactic acid?

A

Hydrogen ions disassociate leaving lactate causing:

  • -> slows ATP resynthesis
  • -> decreased pH in muscles. This inhibits enzyme activity, preventing further breakdown of fuel and ATP resynthesis, causing local muscular fatigue.
  • -> The point at which blood lactate levels significantly rise is known as OBLA (onset of blood lactate accumulation)
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16
Q

What are the 3 stages in the Aerobic energy system and give the ATP yield for each stage.

A

Aerobic Glycolysis: ATP Yield = 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle: ATP Yield = 2 ATP
Electron Transport Chain: ATP Yield = 34 ATP

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17
Q

Describe what happens during aerobic glycolysis.

A

ATP levels decrease and ADP & Pi levels increase.
As there is no PC this triggers the release of PFK (Phosphofructokinase).
Breaks down glucose.
—–> Energy + Pyruvic acid

ENERGY—-> 2ADP & 2Pi + Energy
—-> 2ATP

PYRUVIC ACID —-> pyruvic acid + coenzyme A
—-> acetyl CoA

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18
Q

Describe what happens during Krebs Cycle

A

Acetyl CoA (by-product from aerobic glycolysis) combines with oxaloacetic acid and forms citric acid.
Citric acid is catalysed, releasing CO2, H2 and energy.
Energy is used to resynthesis ATP
CO2 and H2 are by-products.

19
Q

Describe what happens during the Electron Transport Chain.

A

H2 atoms from Krebs Cycle are carried through the electron transport chain via hydrogen carriers NAD & FAD.
H2 atoms are split into ions (H+) and electrons (H-).
High energy hydrogen bonds are broken, releasing energy.
H+ are removed as H20.
NAD & FAD carry H- and are expressed as NADH2 & FADH2.
NADH2 can resynthesis 30 mols of ATP.
FADH2 can resynthesis 4 mols of ATP.

20
Q

Define Energy Continuum

A

Relative contribution of each energy system to the overall energy production.

21
Q

Give 6 factors that affect energy system recovery periods.

A
  • –> VO2 max/ fitness levels
  • –>O2 availability
  • –> Position
  • –> Tactics & Stratergies
  • –> Level of competition
  • –> Structure of the game.
22
Q

What does “EPOC” stand for?

A

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption.

23
Q

EPOC is also known as oxygen debt and represents…

A

the volume of O2 required post exercise to return the body to a pre-exercise state.

24
Q

What is oxygen deficit?

A

Volume of oxygen that would be required to complete an activity entirely aerobically.

25
Q

What is the Fast Alactacid Component of Recovery?

A

First stage of EPOC where O2 consumed within 3 minutes resaturates haemoglobin and myoglobin stores and provides energy for ATP and PC resynthesis.
Accounts for around 10% of EPOC
Approx 1-4 litres of O2 required
Also aims to replenish blood and muscle O2.

26
Q

What are the 3 aims of Fast Alactacid Component of Recovery?

A
  • –> ATP resynthesis
  • –> PC resynthesis
  • –> Saturation of myoglobin stores
27
Q

What are the 3 aims of Slow Lactacid Component of Recovery?

How much oxygen is required?

A
  • –> Lactic acid removal.
  • –> Replenish glycogen stores.
  • –> Maintain Ventilation, Circulation & Body Temperature

Requires 5-8 litres of oxygen.

28
Q

What happens as we move into higher altitudes?

A

Pressure gradients decrease as we move into higher altitudes, this in turn decreases the diffusion gradient, making it harder to breath.

29
Q

Define:

  • –> Barometric Pressure

- –> Partial Pressure

A
  • –> Barometric Pressure= pressure exerted by the earths atmosphere at any point.
  • –> Partial Pressure= pressure exerted by an individual gas held in a mixture of gases. Measured in mmHg.
30
Q

Give the equation for Diffusion Gradient.

A

D.G = ppO2 in the air - alveolar ppO2 (approx 40mmHg)

31
Q

Describe the effect of altitude on the CV system.

A

Breathing frequency at rest & during exercise: Increases in an attempt to maintain O2 consumption

Blood plasma: Decreases up to 25% to increase density of RBC in an attempt to maximise O2 transportation

Stroke volume: Decreases, which increases HR to maintain cardiac output

Maximal Q: Decreases as does maximal SV & HR due to resting SV decrease

VO2 max: Reduces due to all of the above factors. Reduction of 8-11% for every 1,00m above 1,500m

32
Q

Define altitude acclimatisation.

A

Process of gradual adaptation to a change in the ennvironment (lower partaial pressure at altitude)

33
Q

How does altitude acclimatisation increase aerobic capacity?

A

Release of erythropoietin (EPO - Hormone responsible for production of red blood cells) increases and peaks 24-48 hours later. Increases no. of RBC and therefore amount of O2 that can be transported.

34
Q

What are the stages of Hyperthermia?

A

Stage 1: Heat Exhaustion
Core body temp can rise UP TO 40°C

Stage 2: Heat Stroke
Core body temp can rise ABOVE 40°C

35
Q

Describe Hyperthermia

A

Failure in thermoregulation, usually caused by exposure to heat. However, dehydration can often be a cause.

36
Q

Describe the body’s response to heat.

A

Thermoreceptors detect change in temperature.
Release of metabolic heat from working muscles into circulating blood and transported to the surface of the body.
Heat lost as sweat by convection and evaporation.
This can cause dehydration.

37
Q

What happens to sweating when humidity changes.

A

Low humidity = increased sweating

High humidity = decreased sweating

38
Q

What is the effect on the CV system when exercising in heat?

A

—> Increased blood flow cause by dilation of arterioles and capillaries to the skin
—> Decreased Blood Vol, Blood Pressure, VR, SV and Q
—> Resulting in:
Increase HR to compensate
Increased strain on CV system
Decreased O2 transport to working muscles.

39
Q

What are the effects on the respiratory system when exercising in heat?

A

—> Dry airways cause breathing difficulties, leads to:
Increased mucus production
Constriction of airways
Decreased vol of O2 for gas exchange
—> Increased breathing frequency to maintain O2 consumption
—> Increased levels of pollutants in the air:
Causing irritation of airways ( asthma and hay fever)

40
Q

Define Cardiovascular Drift.

A

Upward drift in heart rate associated with a rise in body temperature.
1°C increases HR by 10 bpm

41
Q

How can the effects of heat be reduced pre-competition?

A 
---> Acclimatisation
Move to area 7-14 days prior
Increases blood plasma volume and efficency of Q distribution.
Reduces loss of electrolytes, limits fatigue and cramp.
Decreases heart rate
---> Cooling aids
Reduces core temperature
E.G Ice Vests
42
Q

How can the effects of heat be reduced during competition?

A

—> Hydrate using isotonic solutions
Replace lost fluids, glucose and electrolytes
—> Pacing stratergies to alter goals, delays fatigue.
—> Clothing that maximises evaporation of sweat/ heat loss.

43
Q

How can the effects of heat be reduced post-competition?

A

—> Cooling aids, return the core body temperature gradually.
E.G cold towles
—> Rehydrate using isotonic solutions that rplace lost fluids, glucose and elctrolytes.

x A2 PE (6 decks)

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