Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sgt Test Flashcards > Contemporary Issues In LE and Policing > Flashcards

Contemporary Issues In LE and Policing Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most stress inducing features of police work?

A

The routine, day to day hassles of the job.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are a list of factors that are responsible for everyday stress of police officers?

A

1) lack of consultation and communication
2) inadequate guidance and support from admin
3) insufficient feedback
4) little or no input into dept policy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The American way of dying is now predominately associated with _____.

A

degenerative decease that take their toll slowly and unobtrusively over time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Those employed in the ______ are especially vulnerable because of the stress-provoking conditions surrounding work in the professions.

A

human services

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are stressors?

A

Disrupting conditions that create the need for a readjustment that can potentially produce stress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Translated into social services, ____ becomes the complex manner in which individuals interact with their environment.

A

stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The less control employees have over what they are expected to do and the outcome of their efforts, they will experience more or less stress.

A

More

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Research indicates that jobs involving responsibility for ____ are more stressful that others, especially if they also provide little opportunity to see results.

A

people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the psychological disorder known as “burnout?”

A

The continuous grinding-away process eventually takes a toll on a worker’s physical, mental, and/or emotional health.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are episodic stressors?

A

Traumatic incidents that a police officer can encounter on any given day.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is “John Wayne Syndrome?”

A

Seeking to preserve a macho ego image and avoid appearing weak by denying personal impacts of traumatic events.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In contrast to the fleeting nature of episodic stressors, ______ _____ are routinely encountered on a high frequency basis.

A

Organizational stressors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The tension between ____ and _____ is the key stress-provoking factor for police officers.

A

Administrators and employees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the downward cycle of burnout?

A

1) job satisfaction begins to diminish
2) morale takes a down turn
3) cynical attitude
4) Physical, emotional, and personal problems surface
5) Org alienation, sick time, premature retirement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do people have a deep seeded need to be involved with?

A

Decisions that affect them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the key functions of work in order to satisfy a worker’s ego and self-actualization?

A

To produce feelings of achievement, responsibility, personal growth, and recognition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Most police agencies have tended to view stress as an individual disorder rather than an ______ ______.

A

organizational disfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

It has been suggested that departments begin appointing what, instead of clinical psychologists?

A

organizational psychologists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the most common method for addressing stress in the U.S. LE today?

A

To train officers to recognize its signs and then develop individual coping strategies for dealing with it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some of the coping techniques used when addressing stress?

A

-physical exercise
- dietary changes
- biofeedbacks
- hobbies
- sports
- meditation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the major draw back of the clinical intervention model and individual coping model?

A

They are reactive rather than proactive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Stress prevention can be addressed in what three hierarchical levels?

A

1) Primary prevention - reducing the source
2) Secondary intervention - mitigating consequences of exposure
3) Tertiary intervention - proving support for stressed ofc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What three things does developing a primary stress prevention strategy that targets chronic organizational stress require?

A

Commitment
Participation
Action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why do specialized units not carry equal value within the police org?

A

Because they are not consistent with the police values of what crime fighting is or they require too drastic a change in the current approaches.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the difference between specialized units and those dealing with domestic violence, juvenile problems and comm pol?

A

Their relationship to the perceived function of police.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where do police officer tend to place the highest value on their function?

A

Crime fighting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the philosophy of community policing?

A

That increased and improved communication can achieve a negotiated order of crime prevention that would simultaneously improve police-citizen relationships.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the “we-they” paradox?

A

When in the process of becoming a good officer and internalizing police culture, an officer becomes cynical and distrusting of citizens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the “other” category officers are placed in when they do not recognize the “we-they” paradox?

A

Officer who engage in activities contrary to those accepted as “real” police work.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What did figures indicate in officers who perceived that their agencies did not support the COP program?

A

They were more likely to report status challenge that officers who reported agency support.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The main finding was that most community policing officers __ ___ tend to perceive their status as “real” officers to be challenged.

A

Did not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What were the finding for COP officers who experienced a lack of agency support?

A

Felt their status challenged as “real” officers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are two recommendations to agencies to successfully implement COP programs?

A

1) Train administration and rank and file on importance of COP.
2) Provide agency incentives and needed resources for COP programs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Why did Officer Justin Volpe believe that he could count on fellow officers to abandon their obligations to report crimes and apprehend predators?

A

Fear of retribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What did the Batista case show about prosecuting police officers?

A

How difficult it can be when they administer street justice without personal gain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Police corruption does not take place in a vacuum. Whatever the mandates of police culture, they are undermined or reinforced by who?

A

Police managers and supervisors who will not tolerate corruption and have not previously been associated with it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The beating of Rodney King led to the passage of a federal civil rights statute that gives the _____ _ _____ the authority to monitor police departments when it proves and a court finds a “pattern of practice” of civil rights violations.

A

Department of Justice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the three models of police integrity development?

A
  • Minimalist
  • Intermediate
  • Advanced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

In the minimalist Model, what are the main three elements?

A

1) Line management control for complaints investigation and discipline
2) Judicial scrutiny of police conduct in the courts and use of the exclusionary rule
3) Detached political oversight with resort to independent inquires as a last resort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the main elements of the Intermediate Model?

A

1) A dedicated internal affairs
2) An integrity focus on recruitment and training
3) Enlarged codes of conduct to guide discretionary decision making
4) External review

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does the Advanced Model consist of?

A

1) proactive steps to misconduct detection
2) A diverse range of integrated strategies for detection
3) Use of advanced tech
4) monitoring of attitude
5) systematic attention to ethics and personal conduct
6) external review with significant independence for investigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

In the Research Method, of the eight departments involved what where the finding?

A

Most showed some elements of the advanced and intermediate models. Many, however, appear not to have moved far past a minimalist model.

43
Q

What were two highly significant areas of reported innovation regarding the advanced model?

A

Integrity testing and drug and alcohol testing

44
Q

Results showed that Australian Police Departments all appear to remain largely within the constraints of which model?

A

Intermediate

45
Q

What is categorized as a forward looking terrorist attack?

A

In an act is meant to achieve a goal at a later time (e.g., to force an entity to fulfill a demand)

46
Q

Demand-Based terror is the most common form of terrorism in Canada.
True/ False

A

True

47
Q

Which type of terrorism involves mostly small groups focused on a specific object that is perceived as a problem. It is forward-looking in the sense that the action taken is aimed at correcting a problem.

A

Demand-Based Terror

48
Q

In Canada, demand-based terror consists mainly of acts of _____.

A

vandalism by animal rights and ecology groups.

49
Q

____ ____ involves a response to an event, situation, or conflict that is intended to obtain retribution as defined by the attacker.

A

Private Justice

50
Q

Which form of terrorism aims at fundamental changes at the state level?

A

Revolutionary

51
Q

_____ terror now occurs mainly within the context of the new terrorism. It involves attempts to re-establish a historical situation.

A

Restoration

52
Q

A ______ terrorist organization is based in one country but operates at times outside its territory.

A

Transnational

53
Q

An ________ terrorist organization operates outside a particular territory, is based in several countries, and is comprised of members of different nationalities.

A

International

54
Q

Which form of terrorist communication is conventional terrorism devoted to considerable effort to claiming responsibility and justifying or at leas explaining its deeds.

A

Signature

55
Q

Which form of terrorist communication is a mixture of physical violence and informational content. Terrorist organizations may be categorized based in the balance they strike between violence and information.

A

Dominant feature

56
Q

Which form of terrorist communication is through images of devastation, intended for an international audience that does not share one language.

A

Words and Images

57
Q

______ is the intensification of a conflict at all levels, including media warfare. More importantly, it also means simplification of the issues underlying the conflict.

A

Radicalization

58
Q

What is the root of the present wave of terrorism?

A

Religion

59
Q

What are the four aspects of terrorism?

A

Territoriality
Communication
Motivation
Individualization

60
Q

What are primary and secondary areas of international and transnational terrorist activities?

A

Primary activity areas are where terrorist groups conduct their principal operations (attacks). Secondary activity areas serve as a bases for support activities such as recruitment, planning, sheltering and funding.

61
Q

What has been heralded as the most significant and progressive change in policing philosophy?

A

Community policing

62
Q

The two policing philosophies of _____ and _____ can (and in this current environment should) coexist.

A

paramilitarism and community policing

63
Q

The majority of definitions focus on an increase in police and community interaction, a concentration on “quality of life issues,” the decentralization of the police, strategic methods for making police practices more efficient and effective, a concentration on neighborhood patrols, and problem-oriented or problem-solving policing, is best defined as what?

A

Community Policing

64
Q

Developing recognizable and distinct rules, customs, perceptions and interpretations of what they see, along with consequent moral judgements, best describes what?

A

Police culture

65
Q

What is the meaning of profession within police circles?

A

The development of a body of knowledge, a strict code of ethics and a working to values rather than rules.

66
Q

Some spatial techniques that have been applied include:

A

-the location of quotients
- the development of kernel surface estimation algorithms
- local indicators of spatial association (LISA)

67
Q

What is the limitations of spatial techniques?

A

An analysis of crime hotspots may look different in the crimes are aggregated to police beats or census tracts.

68
Q

What is one of the better known techniques for determining crime hotspots?

A

A computer program known as STAC (spatial and temporal analysis of crime)

69
Q

What is the main sticking point concerning temporal hotspot identification?

A

Lack of detail in many police crime databases.

70
Q

What is aoristic analysis?

A

Enables a user to determine a temporal pattern for a crime hotspot based on objective analysis of the data. (crimes with known times will have greater influence of the data)

71
Q

What are the three categories of spatial events?

A

Dispersed
Clustered
Hotpoint

72
Q

What is the type of crime hotspot in which the points that generate the hotspot are spread throughout the hotspot area?

A

Dispersed

73
Q

What is the type of hotspot which tend to cluster at one or more particular areas within the hotspot?

A

Clustered

74
Q

What is the type of hotspot generated by a single criminogenic feature that may be considered a crime attractor?

A

Hotpoint

75
Q

In what three ways can temporal events be distinguished?

A

Diffused
Focused
Acute

76
Q

What are the temporal hotspots where the crime events could happen at any time over the 24 hours of the day or because the time span of events is so large that it is not possible to determine?

A

Diffused

77
Q

What is the temporal hotspot category where crimes in a focused hotspot may occur throughout the day, but certain times are more subject to significant activity?

A

Focused

78
Q

What is the temporal hotspot category where activity is confined to a small period of time or the aoristic signature almost negates the possibility of criminal activity during certain times?

A

Acute

79
Q

Criminology research has shown that most offenders tend to commit crimes where?

A

Fairly close to where they live.

80
Q

What are the four kinds of predatory strategies?

A

Hunter
Poacher
Troller
Trapper

81
Q

What type of predator sets out specifically for a victim, starting from a home base?

A

Hunter

82
Q

What type of predator sets out specifically to search for victim, but starts from another activity site?

A

Poacher

83
Q

What type of predator, while involved with other activities, opportunistically encounters a victim?

A

Troller

84
Q

What type of predator creates a situation to encounter victims within locations under his control?

A

Trapper

85
Q

Which hypothesis predicted that rapists traveled into different areas from where they lived to commit their crimes?

A

Commuter hypothesis

86
Q

Which hypothesis predicted that rapists the home base was more or less at the center of the assaults?

A

Marauder hypothesis

87
Q

Which type of justice system has been more successful than the retributive system in achieving victim and offender satisfaction, increasing compliance with restitution and decreasing recidivism?

A

Restorative justice

88
Q

What is the premise of restorative justice?

A

That crime is primarily a violation of people and relationships.

89
Q

What are the three pillars of restorative justice?

A
  • a focus on harms and needs
  • accountability through attention to obligations
  • engagement or participation of those with legitimate interests or stakes in the offense
90
Q

Other primary contributors to the modern understanding of restorative justice are the traditional practices of _______ communities.

A

Aboriginal

91
Q

Key to understanding the integrity of aboriginal justice is the focus on the medicine wheel. What are the four interrelated areas of the medicine wheel?

A

Mental
Emotional
Physical
Spiritual

92
Q

What was the hybrid model approach to justice created by criminal court judges in Canada and aboriginal communities where a court officer sit with the accused, victims, and other community members in a circle, often in a venue outside a formal court?

A

Circle sentencing

93
Q

What is an advantage to circle sentencing?

A

Flexibility: a circle may be used for community dialogues about larger issues, for healing, and for coming to agreements.

94
Q

_______ justice philosophy is described as a balance between an ethic of justice and an ethic of care.

A

Restorative

95
Q

What is the primary difference between the New Zealand and the Wagga Wagga model of conferencing?

A

The victim is the central focus in Wagga Wagga. New Zealand focuses on reform for the offender.

96
Q

What is a issue of contention with the conferencing model?

A

Its focus on shame.

97
Q

How can shaming be minimized during restorative justice conferences?

A

Conference facilitators may want to ground their pre-conference discussion with participants in restorative values.

98
Q

What is the basic psychological motive to violent behavior?

A

The wish to eliminate the feeling of shame and humiliation.

99
Q

What is the goal of systemic reform, if restorative policing is the vision?

A

Conceptualize a response to all incidents of crime based on restorative principals and then ensure that a full menu of restorative options is available to police and community members.

100
Q

A feature of systemic reform is the idea that restorative policing should change what?

A
  • the way officers think about conflict resolution, sanctioning and community involvement
  • the way officers think about and perform all police functions
101
Q

What are the four suggested domains to support the systemic vision and mission of restorative policing?

A

Legislation and Policy Domain
Organizational Domain
Individual Officer Domain
Community Domain

102
Q

What two dimensions of organizations require attention in restorative justice reform?

A

Structure and culture

103
Q

What is the easiest way to persuade resistant criminal justice professionals of the value of restorative practices?

A

To convince them to participate in restorative conferencing or another decision making process.

Sgt Test Flashcards (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions