Contemporary Issues in LE And Policing Flashcards
1
Q
Who wrote contemporary issues in Law-enforcement and policing
A
Milly and Das
2
Q
This is an occupational hazard in modern living and a leading cause of death
A
Stress
3
Q
The American way of dying is associated with degeneration disease which is also known as
A
Wear and tear disease
4
Q
Stress related afflictions are not just physiological they are also
A
Psychological and sociological
5
Q
Are stress related afflictions equally distributed among various occupational work groups
A
No
6
Q
With concern to episodic stress verse chronic organizational stressors these are examples of chronic organizational stressors no___no___no___
A
No media attention, no public empathy, no responsive concern
7
Q
Work related stress is common in occupations of___services
A
Human
8
Q
Stress provoking conditions in human services are linked to responsibility for___, unpleasant___, gap between A___and A___, and the mere nature of the ____
A
Others lives, encounters, aspiration and achievement, the job
9
Q
Definition… Disrupting conditions that create the need for readjustment that can potentially produce stress
A
Stressors
10
Q
Are the two main ways in which the body response to stress
A
Physiologically and psychologically
11
Q
Physiological symptoms and psychological symptoms of response are not the actual condition of
A
Stress
12
Q
Neither the stimulus or response take into account the i_____nature of stress
A
Interactive
13
Q
Damage equals___ +___
A
Strength of force plus ability to withstand
14
Q
Derived from physics, Stress is a distortion produced by
A
An external force
15
Q
In social service, stress comes from the complex manner in which individuals interact with the
A
Environment
16
Q
The interactive perspective speaks to the imbalance between environmental demands and
A
Individual resources
17
Q
Stress is present when___exceed the ability to___
A
Demands exceed the ability to deal with them
18
Q
Stress is present when we can’t a___,a___, or c___the demands
A
Avoid alter or control
19
Q
The key ingredient proportional to stress is c____
A
Control
20
Q
Ongoing stress drains energy and enthusiasm and when it is continuous takes a toll on___,___,___
A
Physical mental and emotional
21
Q
When stress highly impacts our physical, mental, emotional well-being we often feel
A
Burn out
22
Q
With burnout, we eventually experience a___ ___attitude
A
Who cares
23
Q
In policing, services are often offered following
A
Major incidents
24
Q
In policing stress is now being looked at as a result of duties associated with relatively___ levels of self –___stress
A
Low levels of self perceived
25
John Wayne syndrome says stay ____ And deny personal impact from ____ ____
Macho, Traumatic events
26
Episodic means
Short-lived and infrequent
27
Is episodic stress the most prevalent source of stress?
No
28
In policing this is recognized as the most prevalent form of stress
Chronic organizational stress, daily hassles of police work
29
o___Concerns outweigh o___crisis
Organizational, operational
30
Why are organizational concerns recognized as causing so much stress
They are routinely encountered with high frequency
31
The excitement of occasional___may mitigate organizational stress
Violence
32
Stress comes more from the O___ Context of the work rather than the work itself
Organizational context
33
In police work, stress comes from inter___tension
Inter-division
34
The first impact of organizational stress is that j___ s___begins to diminish, then m____, than the w___ c___attitude
Job satisfaction, then morale, then the who cares attitude
35
 The final impact of chronic organizational stress is organizational alienation. Examples of this are
Sick related absence, premature retirement
36
To combat organizational stress we need to identify
It’s sources
37
People have a need to be involved in the___ ___process
Decision making
38
To help prevent chronic organizational stress and trust employees with P___, A___, D___
Power authority and discretion
39
This type of management involves decentralized decision making…p_____
Participatory
40
Participatory management involves decentralized decision making, the empowerment of e___or TQM
Employees, total quality management
41
With concern to social acceptance, we have a desire to be
Involved
42
A key function of work is to produce feelings of
Achievement, responsibility, growth, recognition
43
More control/involvement over environment = less ____
Less stress
44
Being asked for input is status
Enhancing
45
Top down strict management =
Stress
46
Micromanagement and managing strictly on rules and policies leads to those just trying to
Toe the line
47
Rigid organizational structure inhibits I___ communication
Interpersonal communication
48
Stress can be linked to giving two little authority with too much
Responsibility
49
As officers mature they want more involvement and become r___if structure doesn’t allow it
Resentful
50
With regards to stress we should target___rather than___
Causes rather than effects
51
Stress is often seen as an individual d___not o___ d___
Disorder, not organizational dysfunction
52
Traditionally responses to addressing stress have been___instead of___
Reactive, instead of proactive
53
Teaching someone how to cope and providing counseling or training are seen as both
Reactive and proactive
54
Is the clinical intervention model Proactive or reactive
Reactive
55
The clinical intervention model involves services offered after a_____or when___surfaces
Major event, PTSD
56
PTSD can come from both
Traumatic incident and organizational stress
57
An organizational psychologist may be more helpful in treating the
Cause
58
The individual coping model can’t prevent
Stress
59
The individual coping model can’t remove stress because it’s focused on treating the i___for the o___’s problem
Individual for the organizations problem
60
In the stress prevention hierarchy eliminating or reducing source of stress is p____ p____
Primary prevention
61
In the stress prevention hierarchy mitigating potential consequences of exposure is s____ i____
Secondary intervention
62
In the stress prevention hierarchy providing support for a stressed Officer is t_____ i____
Tertiary intervention
63
Is primary prevention of stress common?
No
64
Is secondary intervention of stress common
Yes
65
Is tertiary intervention of stress common
Yes
66
This requires commitment, participation, action despite lack of success, clinical and individual coping intervention
Primary prevention of stress
67
Targeting organizational stress prevention requires C___, P___, A___
Commitment, participation, action
68
The clinical model is insufficient to combat
The source of stress
69
The coping model does what with the problem? m_____
Misdiagnosis
70
What decade did community policing divisions start
1980s
71
The 3 perceived functions of police are… Which is seen his highest value which is seen as lowest
Highest Crime fighting, order maintenance, lowest social services
72
Crime-fighting was seen as the___, those focused on social services seen as the___
Norm, others
73
The original goal of community oriented policing was too
Combat crime through service
74
Originally community oriented police officers were simply seen as crime fighters. This was known as the___effect
Boomerang
75
There was a rejection of community oriented policing as the methods weren’t seen as
Real police work
76
Community police officers often had___placed on them which led to less___ ___and them returning to the street
Sanctions, job satisfaction
77
Having a knowledge of the s___Of community oriented police officers helps improve their i____
Stigma, implementation
78
Implementation of community policing in the 80s was a result of this in the 70s, as well as___issues in the 50s 60s and 70s
Police – citizen conflict in the 70s and civil issues in the 50s 60s and 70s
79
Civil issues in the 50s 60s and 70s lead to a loss of police
Legitimacy
80
Traditional policing didn’t___Crime or the fear of it
Reduce
81
The goal of community oriented policing is to deal with the situation not just using___
Arrests
82
Goals of community policing were to improve relations and focus on the needs of the community, in order to reclaim___
Legitimacy
83
Community oriented policing goal is to negotiate order and crime reduction with increased and improved c_____
Communication
84
Community oriented policing looked to take the traditional reactive crime fighter mentality and transition to
Preventative service providers
85
With community policing, push back to the change led to
Stigma of COP officers
86
Community policing officers were often seen as the
Others
87
To understand larger society we often
Categorize, typify, generalize/overgeneralize experiences we have heard from family and friends
88
When trying to understand larger society we often determine value based on
Generalizations
89
When understanding larger society we often develop a__vs.__mentality. Also known as the__vs. __
We versus they, normal versus other
90
We often dichotomize in police work separating these two things or groups
Real police work/crime fighting and the others
91
In policing we often devalue deviation from
The norm/real police work
92
What were the responsibilities of the early police woman
Handle service type calls, women, children, Intel gathering while doing so
93
The early police women were often assigned to___and given___
Substations and given discretion
94
In early policing recruiting and hiring may have been focused towards what group?
Males
95
In a study by Langston and Richardson did community oriented policing officers feel their “real” status was challenged?
66% No
96
Two reasons most COP did not feel their real status was challenged was possibly because…
Stigma may have been on the unit, not the officer
The groups molded a crime fighting style
97
What fraction of COP officers felt stigma
1/3
98
What was the difference in feeling of the stigma between those assigned versus those volunteering for COP
No real significance
99
Did working with youth more have an effect on the level of challenge officers felt
No
100
Though the majority of COP officers did not feel stigma, what do we still need to do
Address the issue by training on importance of COP and provide incentives and resources for COP
101
At its best, the blue code of silence is a
Brotherhood
102
At its worst the blue code of silence is
Silent about bad cops
103
What is the root of the etiology of the code
Loyalty
104
The code is good for___but not for p___ s___
Safety, public scrutiny
105
With regard to the code, the negative aspects under public scrutiny are failure to report___and false___
Misconduct, testimony
106
Two major impacts of false testimony
Damages integrity of justice system and impacts innocent third parties
107
NYC mayor Dinkins started the Mollen commission in 92 the main goal was to prevent and detect
Corruption
108
the blue code facilitated corruption by setting a standard that nothing was more important than___
Loyalty
109
The blue code facilitated corruption because it in emboldened cops and those susceptible to
Corruption
110
The blue code thwarted efforts to control corruption through use of c____
Coverups
111
Knapp Commission in the 70s found that code was so strong it was futile to expect Cops to
Expect cops to testify even with immunity
112
The LA Christopher commission was established after what incident
Rodney King
113
The LA Christopher commission found that the code was
Impenetrable
114
The LA Christopher commission found that the code was the greatest barrier to addressing…
Complaints
115
The LA Christopher commission found that dissenting comments were kept where?
In house
116
The 1989 Fitzgerald inquiry took place where
Queensland Australia
117
The Fitzgerald inquiry found that the code was integral in___ ___
Police culture
118
The Fitzgerald inquiry found this to be a critical factor in the deterioration of the police force
The code
119
Investigations show the code lies___, like incubating a disease and without___, it manifests as a refusal to offer info that would___an Officer
Dormant, inquiry, damage
120
The practical effect of the code is to reduce/eliminate concern for possible___and___as deterrent to misconduct
Apprehension and punishment
121
The code brings silence but also affects t___
Testimony
122
The unwritten code prohibits disclosing perjury or misconduct or even testifying truthfully if it does what
Implicates an officer
123
Tacit norm of the code is to never…
Do something to embarrass another cop
124
With the code it is taboo to draw___ ___to another officer
Critical attention
125
William Smith found that officers lean towards a mutual P___and intense L___
Protectiveness, loyalty
126
Who got in trouble for the Rodney king incident
That was doing the beating and those that just stood by
127
In the Rodney king incident what may have affected the witnesses willingness to lie
That it was on video
128
Chemerinski study in LA what did Rafael Perez do to Ovando
Shot and paralyzed him then framed him
129
When did Rafael Perez come clean
When his wife was on the hook
130
Who blew the first whistle
Serpico
131
Serpico led to which commission
The Knapp commission
132
What was the basic gist of Serpico
They tried to give him his share to tie him in but he refused and was shunned
133
NYPD 70th precinct Louima…details
Haitian immigrant with pants down was mainly assaulted by Volpe
134
Why didn’t anyone report Volpe’s anal assault of Louima
Fear of retribution
135
Why did Cawley tell the Mollen commission that he was not scared of being told on
Any reporters would ruin their own career and become a rat
136
Three reasons why cops don’t tell on other cops
Loyalty, fear of retribution, most others know about their misconduct and don’t want to open Pandora’s box
137
To report an officers misconduct makes you a
Rat
138
Officers often fail to report and have a hard time explaining what later
Why you didn’t
139
The three overseers in Manhattan OCU, CCRB, DOJ what do they each handle
Official corruption unit of Manhattan police cases, Citizen complaint review board for low level force complaints, department of justice for high profile civil rights cases
140
What was the NYPD’s goal in addressing corruption
Dispose of scandals and publicity quickly
141
What was the OCU and district Attorneys goal with corruption
See how far the corruption goes
142
What is the downside to investigating in the long run with regards to corruption
Corruption and misconduct is allowed to go on longer
143
With regards to addressing corruption what is the short run dilemma
You scoop up a few and it tips off the others to stop or hide things
144
What happened in Manhattan 30th precinct of Washington Heights drug dealing neighborhood
The defense admitted that the client had 3 kilos but the police report only indicated two… One was stolen
145
What methods did the OCU use for secret investigations
Body worn wires, taps, stings
146
What happened with the OCU undercover operation using the Spanish officer with money on the front seat
Officer stole the money and then flipped to wear a wire against others
147
What is a justification that was used by officers with regards to Stealing from drug dealers… Why did they think they would be OK
Most of their so-called victims were criminals… Difficult to convict cops when the victim is low status/character
148
Why do police rarely want to take the stand
They are not protected by the fifth amendment and there is no cross examination
149
Judges and juries were hesitant to convict on complaints from criminals why?
Hesitant to convict otherwise unblemished cops for a “low life”
150
What were the details of the north drug initiative in northern Manhattan with regards to Polanco and Batista
Polanco selling to Batista, officers hit house, Polanco flushed drugs before entry, Polanco and Batista beat but in fetal position so couldn’t see who hit them… Batista offered to be let go, decline because of injury taken to the hospital and not charged
151
In the Polanco Bautista beating case what were the results for Officer Vasquez and Thompson
Acquitted as the only other witnesses were cops… Excessive force but no corruption found… “Morally excepted zealousness”
152
What is one possible measure to reign in the code and reduce corruption and brutality
Good leadership
153
New Orleans PD had a reputation of brutality and corruption and internal affairs have not made a case in five years how did chief Pennington turn it around
Fired IEA and replace them with investigators he could trust
Brought in outside consultants to include Jack Maple (compstat from NYPD)
154
Police corruption does not take place in a…
Vacuum
155
The code/corrupt culture/silence can be Undermined by who
Managers who won’t tolerate and haven’t been corrupt themselves
156
Outcome of the Abner Louima case
For officers sentenced to between five and 30 years (volpe)
Civil awards 7 million paid out by NYC 1.6 million from PBA
Policy and practice changes
Civilian board prosecuting brutality
157
In the Louima case why did the PBA pay out 1.6 million
Delegates knew of statements and failed to report them
158
With regards to IA investigations why was the 48 hour rule phased out
Gave union reps a chance to tell everyone to stay quiet unless something official came down
159
 The officers probably would’ve been OK in the Louima case with providing simply a___. However___was the focus that damned them
Tune up, sodomy
160
Success in prosecuting the Louima case opened up new legal front in holding officers_____
Accountable
161
The LA ram parts gang unit which focused on young, non-white males… Many victims sued… The judge ruled that the involved could be sued under what act
RICO
162
LAPD was put under a what following the LA ramparts gang unit scandals
Five year consent decree
163
Michael Cherkasky (former NYC prosecutor) Oversaw what?
LAPD consent decree
164
Why can cracking the code be the most difficult thing
Those involved with keeping the code know the system and how to get around it
165
What are the three models of internal police integrity development
Minimalist, intermediate, advanced
166
In all three models of internal police integrity development, the initiatives were focused on___–regulation not against___forces
Self regulation not against external forces
167
Input from where seems necessary in models of internal police integrity development
External body
168
What type of body seems necessary to review complaints against police, conduct investigations, and discipline
External body
169
Is Highly controlling forms of external body Conceivable
Yes
170
It’s preferable for who to assume prime responsibility for ethical matters as corollary to operations
Police management
171
Modern police typically operate under which model
Minimalist
172
Separation of powers for police operations management came from concerns about what
Political interference
173
Lord Denning said police are answerable to what and what alone?
The law
174
Primary responsibility for discipline handled by who
Police disciplinary command
175
Some external scrutiny from elected officials could force i_____ c_____ for serious matters or if not happy with how things are going
Independent commissions
176
What is the main source of standing external control over the police
The courts
177
What rule is used by the courts with regard to examining evidence in prosecution cases
Exclusionary rule
178
What are the three main elements of the minimalist model
Line management handles complaints investigations discipline
Judicial scrutiny of conduct in court
Detached political oversight with independent inquiries as a last resort
179
The minimalist model is inadequate to detect what
Systemic misconduct
180
The system is not without a hit rate… Australia had dismissals through their internal process but it did not uncover the true levels of O___, O___police corruption
Opportunistic, organized
181
Barrier to minimalist model is that police protect who
Their own
182
Barrier to minimalist model with regard to judicial oversight is that only a small amount of work ends up where
In the court room to be a evaluated
183
Until recent, judicial inquiries severely constrained, but merely perpetuated suspicion about
Police behavior
184
Why were victims of misconduct frustrated/deterred?
Because of evidentiary standards and legal technicalities
185
Conventional judicial processes have assisted in exposing misconduct but failed to address less blatant individual M___Or penetrate organized S___F___
Malfeasance, penetrate organized sneaky forms
186
The intermediate model includes the minimalist strategies plus what 4 things
Dedicated ____ division
What type of focus in training/recruiting
What to guide discretionary decision making
_____ review
Dedicated internal affairs
integrity focus in recruiting and training
Enlarged codes of conduct a guy discretionary decision making
External review
187
The intermediate model Marks a step forward in accepting that A strong institutional commitment was needed to D____ and D___
Detect and deter
188
The intermediate model has an approach that is primarily
Passive
189
The intermediate approach relies on traditional investigation techniques and info from
Police and civilian informants
190
With the intermediate model it is difficult to collect objective
Evidence
191
With the intermediate model, a problem is that a good deal of corruption is consensual and it is unlikely a citizen will come forward unless they are
Coerced or induced
192
The intermediate model relies on what to weed out bad individuals
Recruitment
193
The intermediate model relies on compliance from officers with the
Code of conduct
194
With the intermediate model is civilian overview strong or weak
Weak
195
The intermediate model lacks what type of approach for organized and discrete corruption
Proactive
196
The advanced model includes Techniques from which other models
Minimalist and intermediate
197
In the advanced model with regard to corruption hazards what type of bodies are put in place to circumvent police solidarity without an initial complaint
Watchdog
198
England and Wales utilize the advanced model using what to address police complaints
An independent police complaint commission
199
Where was the police integrity commission
New south Wales
200
In the advanced model, not all strategies work but there is a need for integrated training in
Ethics
201
A need for integrated ethics training Is one of the essential elements of
Pro form
202
Which techniques are not endorsed by the book
Random integrity testing, Spying, psychological testing
203
In the five broad approaches under the advanced model, proactive steps are taken to detect and prevent what
Misconduct
204
In the five broad approaches under the advanced model a diverse range of integrated strategies are used to L___and C___– R___prevention and detection of different types of misconduct
Layer and cross-reference
205
Under the five broad approaches of the advanced model, a use of advanced t___and c___methods of investigation are used
Technology and covert methods
206
In the advanced model under the five broad approaches there should be a monitoring of a___ & B___
Attitudes and behavior
207
In the advanced models five broad approaches there should be systematic attention to ethics and personal conduct with regards to
Recruitment, training, deployment, promotion
208
Australia did a national comparative study to gain a systematic natural picture of___measures being utilized
Integrity
209
Australia’s national comparative study of integrity measures was also testing PDs about what
Their willingness to open up an expose their department to scrutiny
210
In the Australian national comparative study how many of the eight police departments were consistent with the advanced model
None
211
In the Australian national comparative study most had evidence of elements In practice or planned from what model/models
Intermediate and advanced
212
In Australia’s national comparative study many were operating under what model
Minimalist
213
What was the issue with the study of New South Wales and Victoria
Under reporting
214
Victoria had a reputation for maintaining the toughest what? And reported how much?
Proactive ethical standards but reported little
215
Many of the departments being studied did not report using what?
Well-known advanced model techniques that were actually considered orthodox
216
It is dangerous to assume that complaint identify what
All corruption
217
Because it is dangerous to assume complaints identify all corruption you must be
Proactive
218
If in favor of the advanced model the results from studies should be considered
Disappointing
219
Many departments had fixing the problems on the___
Agenda
220
Study showed that police departments had a dangerous level of
Complacency
221
What is likely needed to push for more advanced methods
Outside forces
222
With terror, forward-looking and narrow equals
Demand based
223
With Terror, forward looking and broad/wide equals
Revolutionary
224
With terror backwards looking and narrow equals
Private justice
225
With terror, backward looking and broad/wide equals
Restoration
226
Terror Categorized into four interrelated sets according to what 2 qualitative variables
Desired impact and timeframe of element that is held to have justified the act
227
Backward looking terror is in response to
Injustice
228
Forward looking terror is meant to achieve the goal of
Filling a demand
229
The most common kind of terror in Canada is
Demand based
230
The goals of private justice terror are
Reparation and/or punishment
231
This type of terrorist organization is based in one country but operates at times outside its territory
Transnational
232
This type of terrorist group operates out of a specific territory, but is based in many countries with members of different nationalities
International group
233
Palestinian terrorism is what type of group
Transnational
234
Al-Qaeda is what type of terrorist group
International
235
Terrorism is the weapon of the___
Weak
236
Terrorism is a form of___
Communication
237
With terrorism as communication, this is the conventional made effort to claim or explain
The signature
238
Ambiguous signature equals more___
Terror
239
The dominant feature of terrorism as communication is a mix of
Physical violence and informational content
240
The FLQ was looking for Max effect with minimal
Violence
241
New terror is not concerned with a
Signature
242
New terror aims for Max ___ without ____
Violence, without explanation
243
This type of terror uses words understood by all, in the national language, focusing on a literate audience
Conventional
244
This type of terror uses devastating images for an international audience
New terror
245
This type of terror typically is motivated by a political agenda and has a time focus
Conventional
246
This type of terror is motivated by religion and has no real time frame
New terror 
247
In this type of terror, the terrorists and victims are individuals with precise identities and the intended victims or blamed
Conventional
248
In this type of terror there is a bit by bit genocide that doesn’t discriminate
New terror
249
Which type of terror groups are easier to infiltrate
Conventional
250
Which type of terror group is susceptible to possible negotiation
Conventional
251
With conventional terrorism it is easier to identify their possible targets due to the nature of the
Individualization
252
Why is it hard to predict targets for new terror
Never know where or when
253
New terror on an international level is___terror
Insurgent
254
 For new terror the primary areas are also called
The targets
255
What takes place in secondary areas for new terror
Support acts
256
Because of the nature of groups involved in new terror it may require infiltrating watt
The whole community
257
What is the downside of infiltrating an entire community to address new terror…it is based on
Racial/ethnic profiling and harassment
258
A weak point for new terror is that
Communication can be intercepted
259
I with terror the public knows about what? And a little about what?
Successful acts, the prevented ones
260
Traditional policing follows this type of model
Paramilitary
261
Terrorism tends to push police towards which model of policing
Traditional/paramilitary
262
Both Community Policing and traditional policing models can coexist but should be under the umbrella of which
Community Policing
263
Operational police and their culture leans towards which model of policing
Traditional
264
Modern police can be traced to 1829 London with who
Sir Robert peel
265

The earliest police were based on
Military / paramilitary
266
Why were the earliest police based on a paramilitary model
They had no other organization model to emulate other than military
267
What type of person was chosen to lead the earliest police
Someone with a military background
268
Police have the greatest amount of discretion at what level
The lowest
269
The fact that police officers are often suspicious, have internal solidarity, social isolation and conservatism are all traits of an officers
Working personality
270
This is the central feature of cop culture
A sense of mission and that policing is a way of life with purpose
271
This model of policing is found it on a more democratic model
Community Policing
272
Policing around the world with regard to terrorism aligns with which model
Traditional
273
Community policing as a democratic model values___over rank
Credibility
274
Which model of policing has a compliant culture
Traditional
275
Which model of policing has an adaptive culture
Community Policing
276
SARA model stands for
Scanning, analysis, response, assessment 
277
This is the framework for Spatio – temporal targeting of crime reduction
The hotspot matrix
278
The use of a hotspot analysis allows you to better…
Focus resources
279
STAC stands for what
Spatial and temporal analysis of crime
280
Temporal hotspot ID process focuses on using what?
Seasons, days, times
281
What is a drawback to using a temporal hotspot ID process? It’s tough due too…
Lack of information entered in the database for time frames
282
The spatial hotspot identification process focuses on
Location of crimes
283
With regards to Spacial hotspot identification process, analysis may look different if crimes are aggregated to…
Beats or census tracts
284
The STAC model uses what type of shapes? And what limit of the process
Elliptical shapes that don’t show cut off points… It’s too gradual
285
What are the three broad categories of temporal pattern
Diffused, focused, acute
286
What are the three broad categories of spatial pattern
Dispersed, clustered, hotpoint
287
This type of criminal sets out to specifically search for a victim, starts at home base
Hunter
288
This type of criminal specifically searches for victims, starts from another activity site other than home
Poacher
289
This type of criminal opportunistically encounters victim while doing other activities
Troller
290
This type of criminal create a situation to encounter a victim within locations under their control
Trapper
291
Older criminals equal what type of travel
Greater bc of vehicle
292
Younger criminals have what time travel
Shorter on foot
293
This hypoth. said the actor traveled to different areas from where they lived, familiar but distant from activity space
Commuter hypoth
294
This hypothesis said that homebase was the center of the crime area
Marauder hypoth.
295
In marauder hypoth., crimes less likely in….
Buffer around home base
296
In marauder hypoth., crimes are spread out where? Clustered where?
Spread out further from base, clustered closer
297
Two types of profiling used in rape investigation
Geo and criminal
298
Why was rapist caught
Came back to victim second time
299
What type of criminal was rapist?
Troller
300
How did police think rapist was traveling? How was he really
On foot, really in car driving between job abd second job
301
In profiling police forgot to account for …
Streets
302
With regards to mode of travel, the rapist was
Bimodal…saw vics in traffic then followed on foot
303
Two main factors why Spain has a high clearance in murder and rape
Relations between suspect and victim
Serious offenders have previous records
304
When there doesn’t appear to be a relationship between suspect in victim and the offender has no previous record we need to institute what methods
Geographic and criminal/suspect profiling
305
Why did they avoid the use of media in rape cases
Caused the suspect to hide
victims not speaking the language used in warning message
306
This is a criminals comfort zone (shops food trains)
Awareness space
307
This is a criminals area containing home, work, leisure activities
Activity space
308
Crime happens where ( in what, between what)
In awareness space, between anchor spots in activity space
309
Violence is most likely when _____ is maximized and _____ is minimized
Shame is maximized and guilt is minimized
310
This is a self-defense mechanism and chance to force respect from others
Violence
311
This model asks who has been hurt what are their needs and who’s obligation is the hurt
Restorative justice
312
This model tends to privilege their mandates, asking what law was broken, who did it, what do they deserve
Institutionally based model
313
What is the problem with the institutionally based model
The victim is secondary
314
In the justice system these people are front end referral agent and supporters
Police
315
Restorative justice asks these three questions
Who has been hurt, what are their needs, who’s obligation is the hurt
316
Institutionally based model asks these three questions
What law was broken, who did it, what do they deserve
317
This is the philosophy of restorative justice
Peacemaking
318
Which did the Canadians study find was better? Restorative justice or retributive
Restorative
319
More so than retributive, restorative justice is better for achieving what
Victim/offender satisfaction, increasing offender compliance with restitution and decreasing recidivism
320
Restorative justice can be traced to what to General origins
Mennonite tradition and aboriginal people
321
In 1995 this force instituted family group conferencing
Royal Canadian mounted police
322
In 2003 this restorative program, which increased police involvement in alternative programs for youth, was instituted
YCJA - youth criminal justice act
323
In the mid-1970s the first non-retributive justice approaches were introduced where
Canada
324
VORP was one of the first restorative justice programs… What does it stand for
Victim-offender reconciliation program
325
Who created the term restorative justice
Albert Eglesh
326
Under what context did Albert Eglesh create the term restorative justice
Context of restitution
327
Howard Zerr, of eastern Mennonite university suggested a paradigm shift to restorative justice, Seeing crime as a violation of what? instead of what?
People/relations, not just the institution of law
328
These are the three pillars of restorative justice
-Focus on harms and needs
-Accountability through attention to obligation
-Engagement/participation of those with legitimate interest/stake in the offense
329
A program dealing with post sentence counseling and mediation, VOMP stands for
Victim offender mediation program
330
Aboriginal people see individuals as a reflection of
The whole
331
Aboriginal people see the collective as a source of the wrongdoers___and___
Pain and healing
332
The aboriginal medicine wheel speaks on the relationship to the___and the___
Creator and the world
333
The aboriginal medicine wheel focuses on these for areas of life
Mental emotional physical spiritual
334
Details of Hollow water, Manitoba sex abuse and how it was dealt with
Special gathering with healing contract. Learning to act in a good way and providing support for both sides
335
Circle sentencing involves what four groups/individuals
The court, the accused, victims, community
336
What is the advantage of circle sentencing
Flexibility to have a dialogue about larger issues
337
Restorative justice is a balance of these two ethics
Ethic of justice and ethic of care
338
Ethic of justice says something must
Be done
339
Ethic of care says we must
Heal people and relationships
340
First came the Mennonite mediation initiatives, second the aboriginal justice, what is the third
Conferencing process model out of New Zealand
341
In New Zealand’s conferencing process model what is central
Reform of offender
342
It is not typically seen as 100% desirable to have who involved in family conferences
The police
343
It is not always desirable to have police involved in family conferences because they have info on these two things and represent what
Info on offense, info on criminal history, represent interest of community
344
Who is central in the Australian Wagga Wagga model
Victim
345
What follow-up is done for offenders in the Wagga Wagga model and by who (PCYC)
Follow up for remedial skills by police and community youth clubs PCYC
346
Wagga Wagga focuses on Offense seriousness through what type of lens, not the traditional what?
Continuum of harmful consequence; not the technical/legal grounds
347
Goal of Wagga Wagga
Reduce youth recidivism
348
Australian federal police instituted RISE, which stands for
Re-integrative shaming experiments
349
Two major problems with RISE
Net widening and interventions without proper safeguards
350
With RISE, this is needed to avoid over processing minor matters and realistically assessing community capacities
Careful screening
351
Transformative justice uses RISE and says shame is___
Collective
352
This group had community justice forums based on the Wagga Wagga model
RCMP
353
RCMP community Justice forums used what three methods
Victim-offender mediation
Community justice committees
Circle sentencing 
354
With regards to the college senior Confronted on sexual harassment, he did admit but was not resentful until what
He heard the impact made on the victims
355
Community justice forums are voluntarily entered into but
Greatly accepted
356
Percent that offenders accept CJF
100
357
Percent that victims accept CJF
95
358
Percent that victim supporters accept CJF
100
359
Percent that offender supporters accept CJF
95
360
In 2003 governor of Canada instituted the youth criminal justice act to address concerns with this (YOA)
Young offenders act
361
What were the three goals of the youth criminal justice act
Prevention of crime
Rehabilitation/reintegration into youth society
Fair timely meaningful consequence/accountability
362
When dealing with youth this is a last resort
Incarceration
363
When dealing with youth, extrajudicial measures should be used in all cases where it is adequate to
Hold the youth accountable
364
The objectives of extrajudicial measures is to repair what? Have whom participate? The measure should be proportionate to what? And get who involved?
Repairing harm done
Victims participate
Measure proportionate to offense
Families/support system involved
365
Extrajudicial measures can reduce the use of what, if police consider referrals early in the process
The courts
366
With extra judicial measures responses are intended to be___According to seriousness and adequacy to hold accountable
Graduated
367
These are the goals and objectives of conferencing… Gain wider range of? Come up with creative? Better coordination of? Increased involvement of?
Gain wider range of perspectives
Come up with creative solutions
Better coordination of services
Increased involvement of victim and community
368
This is the next logical step in Community Policing and police reform
Restorative policing
369
Restorative justice model offers new tools and principles of intervention to include engaging…
Form meaningful…
Building…
Engaging communities
Form meaningful Partnerships
Building community capacity
370
This is a main challenge to restorative policing
Implementation
371
One goal for systemic vision of restorative policing and restorative justice is to develop___ ___to crime and harm to the greatest extent
Restorative resolutions
372
The second goal for systemic vision of restorative policing and restorative justice is to promote community ownership of what?
Crime and conflict
373
And when not focused on addressing corruption, allegations of bias, harassment, and brutality, reform is slow movement away from what
The professional model
374
When involving the community, team policing was positive but left most decision-making to whom
Police
375
True Community Policing shifts to___decision making
Decentralized
376
Barrier to restorative systems are the police have established___and___
Structures and cultures
377
A barrier to restorative models is that the approach of community policing is often ___, not___
Programmatic, not systematic
378
The traditional justice system is
Adversarial and displeasing to all involved
379
Restorative models of justice are in line with this concept but not technically in the model
Community Policing
380
Restorative justice has a goal of repairing___not just___
Repairing harm of crime not just punishing
381
In the third core principle of restorative justice, there is a need for transformation of the relationships between the governmental criminal justice system and a community that gives the community what
A more active role in public safety and justice
382
With restorative justice… The justice system provides this? And the community provides this?
Justice system provides order and the community provides peace
383
Community policing model offer citizens involvement in determining what for police
Priorities and involvement in events
384
Restorative policing/justice provide citizens with involvement at what level? and the ability to do what?
Involvement at case level with ability to determine informal sanctions and affective resolution
385
There have been some questions about police being involved in the process of restorative justice because of this
Boundary erosion -Police reverting to traditional roles
386
With regards to restorative policing the least obvious/most important utilization of the principles is their use where
On the street
387
What are the positives about using restorative policing models on the street?
-You reach more people than those brought in to specific program
-Saves time and money from the formal program
-police are effective in winning support
388
With regard to instituting restorative policing/Justice the obstacle is overcoming
Traditional police structure
389
Benefit of restorative policing and justice is direct contact and consistent engagement with
The community
390
This is the Achilles heel of reform
Implementation
391
Successful implementation requires systematic___and___
Vision and focus
392
For Systemic reform… Not just programs but____
Practice
393
This is the goal of systemic reform… Conceptualize a response to all crime incidents based on
Restorative principles
394
For successful reform we need supporting programs but day- to-day___is key
Practice
395
Systemic reform to restorative policing should change the way officers think about R S C
Resolution, sanctioning, community involvement
396
Systemic reform to restorative policing should change the way officers think about these types of activities
Crime prevention, order maintenance, service, surveillance, enforcement
397
There is a danger of loose coupling of ambitious___and actual___
Ambitious vision and actual practice
398
For restorative reform to occur we need commitment from who?
Leaders
399
These are the four domains critical to effective implementation of restorative policing/justice
Legislation/policy
Organizational
Individual officer
Community
400
This domain provides the greatest challenge and greatest opportunity in systemic change
Community domain
401
With regard to the organizational domain, there must be attention to restorative justice in structure and
Culture
402
Within the organization, restorative justice must be understood by whom? They also need to understand what commitment to change is and what change requires
Leader ship
403
With regards to the individual officer domain it often takes a___Experience to shift to restore the policing/justice 
Conversion experience
404
This is a great way to ease resistant people into the restorative models
Involve them in conferences or other decision making process
405
The difference between restorative justice/policing and the “by the book” is taught where
Academy
406
This has been the missing link so far in the systemic implementation of restorative models
Community
407
This post modern idea about Policing says that police don’t have a monopoly on law enforcement in the criminal justice system… It is decentralized
Plural policing
408
The modern traditional view of policing said it was centralized around whom?
Police
