Contemporary Flashcards
MAIN causes of WW1
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
WW1 Allied vs Central Powers
Allied- Britain, Russia, France, (US)
Central- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
WW2 Allied vs Axis Powers
Allied- Great Britain, France, Soviet Union, US, China
Axis- Germany, Italy, Japan
Government Intervention after WW1
industrial sectors administered by state, executive branch increasingly takes over parliament (Germany), propaganda, censorship to create favorable public opinion
Turks Involvement in WW1 (Ottomans)
Join war effort on Germany’s side and Germany hoped they would sponsor a Muslim uprising against Britain and France but did not succeed
Causes of Global Depression
War induced inflation in Germany, Great Britain suffers from dependence on export market, farmers overproduce and make lower prices, prices soar very high in other places
Totalitarianism
Massive direct control over virtually all activities of its subjects; Germany, Italy, and Soviet Union
Hitler’s early conquests
Czechoslovakia, Austria, Poland, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Denmark
Decolonization- India
- Indian National Congress Party
- Tilak- Nationalism on Hindu front, boycotted British goods, demanded full independence
- Morley Minto Reforms- 1909- allowed educated Indians the opportunity to vote and serve on political counsels
- Rowlatt Act- 1919- restriction on indian civil rights
- Ghandi- non-violent, boycotts, strikes, mass demonstrations
- lawyers dominate nationalism
Decolonization- Egypt
- Natinalism emerges before European conquest and domination and tried to overthrow Khedives
- middle class and journalists dominate nationalism
- Wafd Party- unifying force for mass base
- Britain withdrawals from suez canal zone (1936) and Egypt (1922)
- Nasser takes over
Cold War Communism
- Soviet Union, China,
- Lenin, Stalin, Mao Zedong, Gorbachev
- Berlin blockade and airlift
- Great leap forward-cultural revolution,
- Cuban missile crisis- 1962
1920’s Western Characteristics
-Europe is no longer the worlds banker, industrial needs shift, rearrangement of political boundaries disturbs economy, Germany taking blame= economic struggle for Germany
Fascism
political philosophy in Italy and Germany during 20’s and 30’s, attacked weakness on democracy, corruption of capitalism, state control of economy to reduce social friction
Nazism
Nazism (or National Socialism) is a set of political beliefs associated with the Nazi Party of Germany. It started in the 1920s. The Party gained power in 1933, starting the Third Reich. They lasted in Germany until 1945, at the end of World War II.
Marshall Plan
Program of substantial loans initiated by the US in 1947; aids western nations in rebuilding after ww2; American economic domination
Provisional Russian Government
Tsar collapses, 1917, led by Alexander Kerensky
Bolshevik Revolution
Lenin, communism, worker strikes and discontent with russia’s participation in ww1, set up a new political and social regime
Stalin’s socialism
related formal culture to the masses in order to avoid adopting European cultural forms. Stalin’s concept of communism based solely on the soviet union rather than the Leninist concept, cut off soviet union from other economies. collectivism on farms, central planning, internal development
Barrier Nations
barriers increase the price of imports, limitation of imports
Gorbachev
USSR ruler after 1985; renewed attacks on Stalinism, reduced urge of nuclear arming, perestroika/glasnost- openness
Pacific Economic Powerhouses (economic tigers)
Many Pacific Rim countries have rapidly modernized their economies in recent years, earning nicknames such as the Four Asian Tigers (Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan) and the Tiger Cubs (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand).
Korean occupation in 20th century
Who-Japan What-colonial rule within Korea When- 1910-1945 Where- Korea Why- Expand trade routes, industry
Chiang Kai- Shek
succeeded Sun Yat-sen as leader of nationalist party. driven out of china by communists to Taiwan in 1930s after ww2
Haitian Revolution
- (1791-1804) Slave Revolt in Santo Domingo
- Most successful slave revolt in history
- Toussaint L’Ouverture helped lead Haitian rebels (Black Napoleon)
Mexico
- Revolutions
- Porfirio Diaz supported economic growth (Elites)
- Zapata and Villa, land reforms
- Mexican Constitution of 1917 (Changes)
- Culture- Diego Rivera and Jose Clemente Orozco
- Zapatistas (guerillas) still want more changes in Mexico
Cuban Revolution
- Preliminary
- Fulgencio Batista
- Economic growth
- U.S. Influence
- In 1958, Fidel Castro overthrew Batista
- 26th of July Movement
- Aided by Ernesto “Che” Guevara
Fidel Castro’s Cuba
- Provided reforms: economy, literacy, health care, improvement for women.
- Harsh dictator - suspended elections, jailed or executed opponents, restricted the press.
- Nationalized Cuban economy Castro turned to Soviets for economic and military aid.
- Cuban Missile Crisis
Guatemala
- Reformers threaten to nationalize industry and agriculture
- United Fruit Co. threatened by reforms
- C.I.A. helps topple reformist government in 1954
- U.S. supported dictatorship
Brazil
- Originally government supports coffee and cacao planters and rubber exporters
- Large gap between rich and poor
- Getulio Vargas rules as a dictator in 1930s
- Suppressed political opposition.
- Promoted economic growth and helped make Brazil a modern industrial nation.
Post WW2 Brazil
- Government dominated by dictators
- Continued economic modernization
- Encouraged foreign investment to promote development projects.
- Debt soared and inflation increased, causing hardship for most Brazilians.
- Movements towards democracy since 1980
- Hampered by government corruption
Argentina post WW2
- Juan Peron (1946-1954) promoted “nationalistic populism”
- Called for industrialization
- Supported the working classes
- Limited foreign economic intervention
- Military dictators dominate 60s, 70s, & 80s
- “Death Squads” fought a “dirty war” against subversives from 1976-1983
- Democratic reforms demanded in the 1980s
Other U.S. Intervention
-Banana Republics
-U.S. backed dictators in a capitalist economic system
-U.S. backed dictatorships
-Augusto Pinochet in Chile
-Manuel Noriega in Panama
Military intervention
-Sandinistas (USSR) vs. Contras (US) in Nicaragua
Other U.S. Intervention
-Banana Republics
-U.S. backed dictators in a capitalist economic system
-U.S. backed dictatorships
-Augusto Pinochet in Chile
-Manuel Noriega in Panama
Military intervention
-Sandinistas (USSR) vs. Contras (US) in Nicaragua
-Monroe Doctrine
-Spanish American War
-Panama Canal
Anti Communism
- Douglas MacArthur-Korean war
- Harry Truman
Creation of Israel
- Israel was created by a UN mandate in 1947
- Israel seized control of Jerusalem & all of Palestine except the West Bank & Gaza Strip in 1949
- Israel easily wins the Arab-Israeli War of 1967 and the -Yom Kippur War in 1973
Indian Democracy
Advantages
-Military defends secular democracy
-Came to independence with a larger industrial and scientific center, better communication systems, and a larger, more skilled middle class
Disadvantages
-Population growth, poverty, unemployment, religious & ethnic diversity, and natural disasters
-Military conflicts with Pakistan over Kashmir
Early Government
-Reforms to help lower castes and women
-Spearheaded the nonalignment movement
Green Revolution, growing middle class
Asia & Africa After Independence
Challenges facing independent states
- Political Instability
- Most countries end up one-party states or military -dictatorships
- The Cold War
- Colonial Legacy
- The Population “Bomb”
- Parasitic Cities & Endangered ecosystems
- Women’s Subordination
- Neocolonialism
- Europeans leave strife in colonies
Iranian Revolution
Preliminary Phase
-Iran was never colonized
-Shah Reza Pahlavi ruled as a dictator
-Used oil profits to modernize Iran
-Reforms angered the middle class, religious leaders, merchants, rural poor, urban laborers, and the army
The Event
-In the late 1970s a decline in oil prices caused massive unemployment and rural unrest
Initial Phase
-Sit-ins, riots, urban protests
-Government exiled religious leaders
-Military was unwilling to defend the Shah
Radical Phase
-Ayatollah Khomeini returned from exile in France & overthrew the Shah in 1979
-Ayatollah proclaimed himself “jurisprudent”
-Ayatollah quickly repressed constitutional & leftist revolutionaries
Apartheid in south africa
an Afrikaans word meaning “the state of being apart”, literally “apart-hood”) was a system of racial segregation in South Africa enforced through legislation by the National Party (NP), the governing party from 1948 to 1994.
Chinese Nationalists lose influence in china because…
They lost the Chinese civil war and the communists were more organized
Cinese and USSR relations
At first, China’s relations with the USSR were close – they had to be, since China was weak, and the USSR was the only friendly world power.
By the late 1950s, however, relations had become strained, and even broke out in open warfare in 1969.
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. The divisive war, increasingly unpopular at home, ended with the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973 and the unification of Vietnam under Communist control two years later. Influenced rebellion
Ww1
1914-1918
Ww2
1939-1945
