Cont- Chapter 3- 101D Flashcards
What is habituation in infant perception studies?
A. The tendency to look longer at new stimuli.
B. The process of losing interest in repeated stimuli.
C. The ability to differentiate between two objects.
D. The reaction to unexpected events.
B. The process of losing interest in repeated stimuli.
Explanation: Habituation occurs when an infant looks less at a stimulus after repeated exposure, indicating they recognize and remember it
What does dishabituation signify in an infant perception study?
A. A failure to recognize a new stimulus.
B. A return of interest when a new stimulus is introduced.
C. A consistent gaze duration for all stimuli.
D. A refusal to engage with the experiment.
B. A return of interest when a new stimulus is introduced.
Explanation: Dishabituation indicates that the infant notices a change in the stimulus, suggesting they can distinguish between the original and new stimuli.
In violation of expectation experiments, how do researchers infer surprise?
A. By measuring vocal responses.
B. By tracking the length of the infant’s gaze.
C. By observing changes in motor behavior.
D. By testing verbal understanding.
B. By tracking the length of the infant’s gaze.
Explanation: Researchers use the duration of gaze as a measure of surprise, as longer looking times indicate unexpected or novel events.
What principle can 8-month-old infants understand, as shown in violation of expectation experiments?
A. Object permanence
B. Conservation of mass
C. Abstract reasoning
D. Complex problem-solving
A. Object permanence
Explanation: By 8 months, infants understand object permanence—the concept that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
How do preference studies reveal infant perception?
A. By observing which image an infant consistently avoids.
B. By tracking the longer gaze duration on a preferred stimulus.
C. By recording the infant’s verbal preference.
D. By measuring how often the infant cries.
B. By tracking the longer gaze duration on a preferred stimulus.
Explanation: Preference studies show which stimulus an infant prefers based on the length of time they look at it.
What does the visual cliff experiment test?
A. Depth perception and cautious behavior.
B. Recognition of objects and colors.
C. Ability to differentiate between sounds.
D. Memory retention over time.
A. Depth perception and cautious behavior.
Explanation: The visual cliff experiment assesses whether infants can perceive depth and whether locomotion experience influences their cautious behavior.
( also social referencing)
In the visual cliff experiment, why might infants refuse to cross the glass platform?
A. They are scared of the glass surface.
B. They lack physical ability to crawl.
C. They perceive the drop and act cautiously based on experience.
D. They cannot recognize differences in surfaces.
C. They perceive the drop and act cautiously based on experience.
Explanation: Infants use their locomotion experience to understand their physical abilities and the environmental risks, leading to cautious decisions.
How does high amplitude sucking help detect infant preferences?
A. By observing how quickly infants stop sucking.
B. By tracking the increase in sucking rate when exposed to preferred stimuli.
C. By comparing the intensity of cries during sucking.
D. By measuring the duration of sleep following suckin
B. By tracking the increase in sucking rate when exposed to preferred stimuli.
Explanation: High amplitude sucking measures infants’ preferences by observing increased sucking in response to rewarding stimuli, such as pleasant sound
What does it mean if an infant speeds up their sucking during a high amplitude sucking experiment?
A. They are hungry.
B. They are uninterested in the presented stimulus.
C. They prefer the stimulus being presented.
D. They are experiencing discomfor
C. They prefer the stimulus being presented.
Explanation: Increased sucking indicates that the infant finds the stimulus rewarding or interesting.
What does it mean when an infant gazes longer at a novel image in preference studies?
A. They are experiencing discomfort.
B. They recognize the novelty and find it interesting.
C. They are unable to differentiate between the images.
D. They prefer familiar stimuli over new ones
B. They recognize the novelty and find it interesting.
Explanation: Longer gaze duration at a new image reflects an infant’s ability to detect and show interest in novelty
How does habituation help researchers study infant memory?
A. By showing infants are unable to retain information.
B. By demonstrating that infants recognize and remember familiar stimuli.
C. By testing how infants respond to punishment.
D. By focusing only on physical abilities.
B. By demonstrating that infants recognize and remember familiar stimuli.
Explanation: Habituation indicates memory, as infants look less at stimuli they recognize and remember.
In violation of expectation studies, what might surprise an infant?
A. A predictable sequence of events.
B. An object falling according to gravity.
C. An impossible event, such as an object passing through another solid object.
D. A repetitive sound patter
C. An impossible event, such as an object passing through another solid object.
Explanation: Infants are surprised by events that violate their understanding of physical laws, like solidity or gravity.
Why is the sucking paradigm effective for studying infant preferences?
A. Infants’ sucking rate is involuntary and linked to stimuli they find rewarding.
B. Infants naturally suck faster when they dislike something.
C. Sucking rate does not correlate with preference.
D. Sucking is unrelated to cognitive abilitie
A. Infants’ sucking rate is involuntary and linked to stimuli they find rewarding.
Explanation: The sucking paradigm leverages the natural sucking reflex to assess preferences and interests in stimuli
Why might introducing salty foods before 4 months of age be ineffective for taste training?
a) Newborns cannot differentiate salty tastes until 4 months
b) Salt is harmful to newborns’ health
c) Salty foods taste the same as sweet to newborns
d) Salt reduces a newborn’s appetite
a) Newborns cannot differentiate salty tastes until 4 months
Why might a newborn fail to respond to a quiet sound that an adult can hear?
a) Newborns have underdeveloped hearing
b) Newborns are uninterested in quiet sounds
c) Newborns only respond to loud noises
d) Newborns are not yet capable of hearing at birth
) Newborns have underdeveloped hearing
Although they can hear from the third trimester, newborns’ auditory systems are not as sensitive as adults’.
A baby turns toward a familiar perfume scent but away from a bitter smell. What does this behavior indicate about sensory development?
a) Newborns are highly adaptable to all smells
b) Newborns prefer familiar and pleasant smells
c) Newborns cannot differentiate between smells
d) Newborns dislike all strong scent
b) Newborns prefer familiar and pleasant smell
If a newborn’s exposure to touch is limited, how might this affect their sensory and cognitive development?
a) They may have difficulty recognizing objects later
b) They may develop stronger auditory senses instead
c) Their sensory development is unaffected by touch
d) They will only rely on taste and smell for exploration
a) They may have difficulty recognizing objects later
Explanation: Touch is essential for learning and exploration in newborns , and limited exposure can hinder cognitive development
If a newborn is unable to hear quiet sounds but responds to louder ones, what does this indicate about their auditory threshold?
a) They have hearing impairment
b) Their auditory threshold is higher than adults
c) They cannot hear sounds at all
d) They can only hear sounds with high pitches
b) Their auditory threshold is higher than adults
Explanation: The quietest sound a newborn responds to is about four times louder than the quietest sound an adult can hear, reflecting a higher auditory threshold.
Auditory threshold refers to the quietest sound that can be reliably heard.
For newborns, their auditory threshold is higher, meaning they require louder sounds to perceive them compared to adults, whose auditory threshold is lower
Why might an infant respond more to human speech than to other sounds?
a) They are familiar with speech from the womb
b) Their hearing is naturally tuned to the pitch of human speech
c) They dislike non-human sounds
d) Their auditory development only recognizes the familiar voice
b) Their hearing is naturally tuned to the pitch of human speech
At what age can a child hear as well as an adult?
a) At birth
b) Around 3 years old
c) At 10 years old
d) By 6 months
c) At 10 years old
If a newborn is unable to see objects clearly farther than 4 inches, what should a caregiver do to maximize visual interaction?
a) Place objects far away to encourage focus
b) Keep their face within 4–30 inches from the infant
c) Avoid visual interaction until vision improves
d) Rely on auditory interaction instead
b) Keep their face within 4–30 inches from the infant
Why do newborns initially focus on the hairline or outer edges of a face?
a) They cannot process detailed facial features
b) They are drawn to high-contrast areas
c) They lack interest in faces
d) Their vision is fully developed only by 1 year
b) They are drawn to high-contrast areas
Explanation: Newborns focus on the edges of faces, such as the hairline, due to their sensitivity to contrast.
What visual acuity does a newborn have compared to adults?
a) 20/20 vision like adults
b) 20/25 vision by birth
c) 20/400 to 20/800 vision, passing the threshold for legal blindness in adults
d) Perfect acuity but blurry due to immaturity
c) 20/400 to 20/800 vision, passing the threshold for legal blindness in adults
Explanation: Newborns have significantly lower visual acuity at birth, but this develops to 20/25 by 6 months and adult levels by 1 year
Why might a 3-month-old infant respond positively to brightly colored toys?
a) Their color perception is fully developed at birth
b) By 3–4 months, they have adult-like color vision
c) They recognize intermediate wavelengths from birth
d) They are not capable of distinguishing colors until 6 months
b) By 3–4 months, they have adult-like color vision
Explanation: Color perception develops by 3–4 months, making infants more responsive to bright and colorful stimuli.
What does it suggest if a 3-month-old focuses on their caregiver’s mouth while being spoken to?
a) They are learning to recognize speech patterns
b) They are bored by the interaction
c) They have difficulty seeing facial features
d) They only focus on the mouth due to contrast
a) They are learning to recognize speech patterns
Explanation: By 3 months, infants look at a caregiver’s mouth and eyes, helping them connect speech with facial expressions
Why might infants prefer faces with correctly positioned features over scrambled ones?
a) Their preference for faces is innate
b) They are trained to recognize faces in early development
c) Incorrectly positioned features overwhelm their visual system
d) Faces with scrambled features lack contras
a) Their preference for faces is innate
Explanation: Infants naturally prefer faces with correctly positioned features, suggesting an innate ability to recognize facial configurations
At what age can infants distinguish between their mother, father, and a stranger based on facial features?
a) At birth
b) By 2 months
c) By 3 months
d) By 6 months
c) By 3 months
Explanation: Around 3 months, infants begin distinguishing between familiar and unfamiliar faces.
If an infant’s crawling pattern changes on varying surfaces, what does this suggest about their depth perception?
a) Depth perception is influenced by locomotion experience
b) Infants rely on touch over vision for depth
c) Depth perception does not adapt to changing environments
d) Crawling patterns are innate and fixed
a) Depth perception is influenced by locomotion experience
Explanation: Infants’ depth perception adapts based on changes in their locomotion, such as crawling on different surfaces.
What might explain an infant’s reduced sensitivity to quiet sounds in comparison to adults?
a) Immaturity of the auditory system
b) Preference for louder stimuli
c) Lack of interest in low-intensity sounds
d) Focus on visual stimuli over auditory stimuli
a) Immaturity of the auditory system
Explanation: Newborns have higher auditory thresholds due to the immaturity of their auditory system.
hy might infants prefer faces with correctly positioned features over scrambled ones?
a) Their preference for faces is innate
b) They are trained to recognize faces in early development
c) Incorrectly positioned features overwhelm their visual system
d) Faces with scrambled features lack contras
Answer: a) Their preference for faces is innate
Explanation: Infants naturally prefer faces with correctly positioned features, suggesting an innate ability to recognize facial configurations
Innate Bias: Newborns show an initial preference for face-like patterns (e.g., top-heavy configurations resembling a face), indicating some level of innate bias.
Experience-Driven Development: Over time, exposure to real faces sharpens this preference, allowing infants to distinguish between correctly positioned features and scrambled ones.
What does intermodal perception allow infants to do?
a) Respond only to visual stimuli
b) Integrate information from multiple senses
c) Separate different sensory inputs
d) Focus on a single sensory modality
b) Integrate information from multiple senses
Explanation: Intermodal perception enables infants to combine information from two or more senses, such as sight and sound or visual and tactile experiences
How do 4-month-old infants demonstrate intermodal perception?
a) They ignore visual stimuli when hearing sounds
b) They prefer images that match the sounds they hear
c) They only respond to visual stimuli without sound
d) They cannot integrate sight and sound at this age
b) They prefer images that match the sounds they hear
Explanation: At 4 months, infants pay attention to visual stimuli that correspond with the auditory input, showing they can link sight and sound
By 5 months, how do infants connect facial expressions and emotions?
a) They associate facial expressions with the tone of voice
b) They rely solely on sound to interpret emotions
c) They cannot yet associate emotions with facial expressions
d) They match emotions with touch rather than sigh
a) They associate facial expressions with the tone of voice
Explanation: At 5 months, infants can link facial expressions with corresponding emotional tones in voices, demonstrating intermodal perception
What does it indicate when an infant is surprised by a mismatch between touch and sight (e.g., a soft pillow shaped like a rock)?
a) They are still developing intermodal perception
b) They recognize when sensory inputs do not align
c) They prioritize touch over sight
d) They are too young to process such discrepancies
b) They recognize when sensory inputs do not align
Explanation: By late infancy, infants are surprised when what they touch doesn’t match what they see, showing advanced intermodal perception.
If a caregiver is singing while holding a baby, how might the infant use intermodal perception?
a) They focus only on the voice and ignore the caregiver’s face
b) They link the caregiver’s voice with the sight of their face
c) They respond only to the sound of the song
d) They show no recognition of combined sensory inputs
b) They link the caregiver’s voice with the sight of their face
Explanation: Infants use intermodal perception to associate sounds (the singing) with visual stimuli (the caregiver’s face)
What principle explains the direction of gross motor skill development from head to toe?
a) Proximodistal
b) Cephalocaudal
c) Reciprocal development
d) Sequential development
b) Cephalocaudal
Explanation: The cephalocaudal principle describes development starting from the head and moving downward, such as gaining neck control before standing
Why might a 9-month-old be able to crawl but not yet walk?
a) Walking develops before crawling
b) Proximodistal development inhibits walking early
c) The child is following the natural sequence of skill development
d) Crawling is unrelated to walking
c) The child is following the natural sequence of skill development
Explanation: The sequence of gross motor skills includes crawling before walking, as walking requires greater muscle strength and coordination.
If a baby is sitting unsupported but not yet standing, what does this indicate about their motor development?
a) They are behind in motor milestones
b) They are progressing according to the natural sequence of emerging skills
c) They have skipped a developmental stage
d) They are developing fine motor skills faster than gross motor skills
b) They are progressing according to the natural sequence of emerging skills
Why might a child’s ability to walk independently rely on all three elements of motor skill development (muscle strength, brain maturation, and practice)?
a) Walking is purely a reflexive action
b) Each element is essential for coordinating movement
c) Practice can compensate for the lack of brain maturation
d) Muscle strength develops only after walking begins
b) Each element is essential for coordinating movement
Explanation: Walking requires muscle strength, brain development for coordination, and practice to refine the skill.
What does the integration of sensation and motor skills primarily promote in infants?
a) Social interaction, comfort, and learning
b) Fine motor skill development only
c) Independence from caregivers
d) Reflexive movement
a) Social interaction, comfort, and learning
Explanation: Motor skills combined with sensory input enhance an infant’s ability to interact socially, feel secure, and learn from their environment
If a child struggles to combine sensory input with motor skills, what area of development might be delayed?
a) Reflexive responses
b) Social interaction, comfort, and learning
c) Proximodistal growth
d) Muscle strength development
b) Social interaction, comfort, and learning
Explanation: Combining sensory input with motor skills is crucial for engaging with the environment, building social connections, and learning
How might cultural practices influence the development of motor skills?
a) They determine the order of gross motor milestones
b) They shape opportunities for practice and refinement
c) They override the cephalocaudal principle
d) They delay the development of motor skills
: b) They shape opportunities for practice and refinement
Explanation: Cultural practices influence which motor skills are practiced and how quickly they develop.
Why is intellectual growth in infants considered more dramatic than physical growth by the age of one?
a) Infants can walk and run by age one
b) Infants develop complex social relationships
c) Infants demonstrate deliberate actions, robust memory, and impressive language comprehension
d) Physical growth stops by the age of one
c) Infants demonstrate deliberate actions, robust memory, and impressive language comprehension
Explanation: By age one, infants engage in deliberate acts, exhibit strong memory, and begin comprehending and producing language through gestures and words, showing rapid intellectual development.
What demonstrates an infant’s ability to engage in deliberate actions to elicit responses?
a) Crying reflexively when hungry
b) Dropping a toy repeatedly to see if a caregiver picks it up
c) Imitating gestures without understanding
d) Showing no response to stimuli
b) Dropping a toy repeatedly to see if a caregiver picks it up
Explanation: This behavior shows deliberate action and an understanding of cause and effect, which are signs of intellectual growth.
How do infants communicate before they can produce words?
a) Only through crying
b) By relying on gestures and early vocalizations
c) By understanding but not responding to language
d) By pointing but not understanding gestures
b) By relying on gestures and early vocalizations
Explanation: Infants use gestures and early vocalizations to convey their understanding and needs, demonstrating their ability to communicate before speaking
What is the key feature of Piaget’s concept of assimilation?
a) Modifying existing ideas to accommodate new experiences
b) Interpreting new experiences to fit into preexisting ideas
c) Ignoring new experiences that do not fit existing ideas
d) Replacing old ideas entirely with new experience
b) Interpreting new experiences to fit into preexisting ideas
Explanation: Assimilation involves incorporating new experiences into existing cognitive frameworks or ideas.
How does accommodation differ from assimilation in Piaget’s theory?
a) Accommodation modifies old ideas to fit new experiences
b) Accommodation ignores old ideas in favor of new ones
c) Accommodation simplifies existing knowledge
d) Accommodation replaces physical actions with abstract thinki
a) Accommodation modifies old ideas to fit new experiences
Explanation: Accommodation requires changing existing cognitive frameworks to incorporate new and often complex experiences.
What is Piaget’s term for the way infants think during the sensorimotor stage?
a) Reflexive cognition
b) Abstract reasoning
c) Sensorimotor intelligence
d) Logical manipulation
c) Sensorimotor intelligence
Explanation: Sensorimotor intelligence refers to infants using their senses and motor skills to explore and understand their world during the first stage of cognitive development.
What is the function of a schema in infant cognition?
a) To separate unrelated ideas into distinct categories
b) To organize information and predict outcomes
c) To replace sensory exploration with abstract reasoning
d) To limit learning to simple, concrete concepts
b) To organize information and predict outcomes
Explanation: Schemas help infants organize knowledge into categories, enabling them to recognize, predict, and interact with their world.
How would an infant’s schema for “sucking” be applied to new experiences?
a) The infant ignores objects that do not resemble a bottle
b) The infant attempts to suck on various objects
c) The infant avoids using schemas for new experiences
d) The infant replaces sucking with a new behavior immediat
b) The infant attempts to suck on various objects
Explanation: Infants assimilate new experiences into their existing schema for sucking by applying this action to different objects.
hy might a toddler who associates restaurants with eating and sitting become confused in a buffet-style restaurant?
a) They lack a schema for new experiences
b) Their existing schema for restaurants does not accommodate self-service
c) They cannot assimilate new information into their schema
d) Their sensory and motor skills are underdeveloped
b) Their existing schema for restaurants does not accommodate self-service
Explanation: When an experience doesn’t align with their schema, toddlers may need to accommodate new information, such as buffet-style eating.
How do infants primarily explore and understand their environment in the sensorimotor stage?
a) By observing without interaction
b) Through sensory input and physical manipulation
c) By relying on innate knowledge
d) Through abstract reasoning and deduction
: b) Through sensory input and physical manipulation
Explanation: Infants explore their world by using their senses (sucking, feeling) and actions (grasping, manipulating).
Which of the following best illustrates sensorimotor intelligence in an infant?
a) Solving a math problem
b) Building abstract categories
c) Picking up and examining a new toy
d) Understanding verbal commands
c) Picking up and examining a new toy
Explanation: Sensorimotor intelligence is about learning through direct sensory experiences and actions.
Why do infants suck on objects as part of their exploration process?
a) They rely solely on taste for understanding
b) Sucking is a reflexive behavior unrelated to cognition
c) It is a sensory behavior that helps them understand texture and form
d) They use sucking to replace other sensory exploration
c) It is a sensory behavior that helps them understand texture and form
Explanation: Sucking is part of sensory exploration, allowing infants to gather information about objects.
